Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 🧬

Question 1

MicroRNA (miRNA)

Answer 1

Tiny RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation

Question 2

Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)

Answer 2

Intracellular receptor that binds glucocorticoids, activates GRE in DNA, and regulates gene expression, including anti-inflammatory genes.

Question 3

Cis-acting elements

Answer 3

DNA sequences close to a gene that will be regulated, such as basal promoter sequence and proximal control regions

Question 4

Genomic imprinting

Answer 4

Epigenetic phenomenon where certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, impacting development and health

Question 5

HIF1 Transcription Factors

Answer 5

Dimerize and bind to Hypoxia Response Element (HRE) in DNA to regulate gene expression under hypoxic conditions.

Question 6

c-Myc

Answer 6

Master regulator of cell cycle entry, overexpression leads to increased expression of cyclins and promotes cell proliferation.

Question 7

Enhancer sequence

Answer 7

DNA sequences found far away from the promoter but on the same chromosome, aiding in gene regulation

Question 8

Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-1)

Answer 8

Stabilized under low oxygen conditions, translocates to nucleus, dimerizes, and activates genes for cell survival in hypoxia.

Question 9

Trans-acting factors

Answer 9

Proteins encoded for by different genes that bind to cis-acting elements, exerting positive or negative effects

Question 10

Prolyl Hydroxylase Complex

Answer 10

Under normal oxygen levels, hydroxylates proline amino acids on HIF-1, marking it for degradation.