Gender Studies Flashcards
Piaget
What did they say and what theory of Gender does this support?
- That young children cannot distinguish between appearance and realty/have no conversation skills - children show these skills when they understand that superficial changes don’t affect physical characteristics of an object.
- Kohlbergs
Slaby and Frey
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Interviewed 55 children aged 2-5.5 years, found the children who had reached gender constancy were more likely to pay more attention to the same sex models in the film - looking for role models - understand their gender will not change.
- Kohlbergs
Damon
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- 4yo - okay for George to play with dolls, 6yo - it’s wrong, older children (9yo) - okay but unusual - still lack internal knowledge, think that toys change gender.
- Kohlbergs
Ruble
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?
- Children who had reached gender constancy were sensitive to the implicit messages of the advert that certain toys were right/wrong for boys or girls.
- Kohlbergs
- Damon
Rabban
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- 3yo couldn’t answer ‘will you be a mummy or daddy’, whereas 95% of 5yo could - think gender can change before they reach gender constancy.
- Kohlbergs
Campbell et al
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Used visual preference techniques, 3 months (very minor preferences), 18 months (preference to boys activities - stronger in boys) - children have preferences at a younger age than Kohlberg suggested.
- Gender Schema
Fagot (talking about u Sarah)
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?
- 2 year olds who cannot correctly label their gender spent 80% of their time in same gender groups, whereas those who couldn’t, only spent 50% of their time - motivated to learn the behaviours associated with their gender.
- Gender Schema
- Campbell et al
Martin and Halverson
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Showed video of a male being a nurse and a female being a doctor, many children either missed the point, distorted the information (M-D, F-N), or quickly forgot - making the information fit their schema.
- Gender Schema
Bussey and Bandura
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against? What study does this contradict?
- Children who had not attained a gender identity still disapproved non-conforming behaviour - it’s innate, not always caused from a gender schema.
- Gender Schema
- Martin and Halverson
Geshwind and Galaburda
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- In prenatal development, the right side develops earlier/is thicker in males and explains why males have better spatial ability - testosterone is a key influence.
- Biological
Young
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Female monkeys exposed to male hormones during pre-natal development engaged in more rough and tumble play than control group - testosterone causes aggression.
- Biological (Testosterone)
Ehrdardt and Money
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Mothers who took male sex hormones to stop uterine bleeding during pregnancy had girls who behaved like tomboys - male sex hormones affect foetal development.
- Biological
David Reimer (Ehrdardt and Money) What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does it support?
- Had a sex change after circumsition went wrong and was brought up as a girl, was never happy until he reverted back to male at 14 - shows how genes/hormones determine gender not how they’re brought up
Clark and Hatfield
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- None of the women agreed to have sex with a stranger, 75% of men agreed - importance of parental investment, women = picky.
- Evolutionary
Buss
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?
- Men became more distressed at the image of partner being sexually unfaithful (risk of cuckoldry), women became more distressed at partner being in love with someone else.
- Evolutionary
- Clarke and Hatfield
Buss (2)
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Men valued physical attractiveness more than women, also preferred a partner younger than themselves, women valued financial capacity and success - shows different genders seek different attributes.
- Evolutionary
Dunbar
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against? What study does this contradict?
- Heterosexual women were 3x more likely to seek resources and status than lesbians, gay men offered resources about half as often as heterosexual men - this theory doesn’t show gender differences for everyone - modern women tend to be more financial independent so may look for resources less and seek out emotional characteristics more - theory is outdated
- Evolutionary (against)
- Buss
Anderson
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Men = more aggressive towards other men than women -shows men compete for reproductive success
- Evolutionary
Luxen
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?
- Men showed more dominant behaviour (head shaking) whereas women showed more affiliation (frequently laughing) - men and women show different behaviours based on evolutionary past, dominance = beneficial for hunting.
- Evolutionary
- Anderson
Lytton and Romney
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Girls are more likely to be encouraged to help with housework and boys with outdoor tasks - gender stereotyped tasks, copy role models (parents).
- Social influence (Reinforcement)
Archer and Lloyd
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?
- Found that children as young as 3 criticised peers who engaged in cross sex play and were less likely to play with them
- Social influence (Reinforcement)
- Lytton and Romney
Rust
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Found that young children of either sex who had older brothers became more masculine and those who had older sisters became more feminine - role models, vicarious reinforcement.
- Social influence (Observational reinforcement)
Fagot (AKA Sarah)
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?
- 4yo, children in traditional families (brought up by mother) tended to use more gender labels/role stereotypes than those in egalitarian families (mother and father share parenting).
- Social influence (Reinforcement)
- Rust
Wober
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Characters on TV, found that males had occupational roles whilst women had caring or childcare roles - media reinforces male/female stereotyped behaviours.
- Social influence (Media)
Williams
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?
- Found that those with more access to TV were more stereotypical than the town with no TV, but once TV was introduced it increased - particularly in boys.
- Social influence (Media)
- Wober
Colley
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
Children divide curriculum into boy and girl subjects, this may be related to the gender to the teachers involved - shows importance of teachers as role models.
- Social Influence (Schools)
Renzetti and Curran
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?
- Boys are more likely to receive praise for the intellectual quality of their work, but girls are often praised for the neatness of their work - teacher bias may influence children and cause gender stereotypes.
- Social Influence (Schools)
- Colley
Smith and Lloyd
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- 32 mothers, found that they played more vigorously with a ‘boy’ than a ‘girl’.
- Biosocial
Mrs DW (Goldwy) What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Had AIS, brought up as a women, found out she was biologically male in late teens, no internal female organs, stayed as women and adopted children - never felt masculine (nurture can overhaul nature)
- Biosocial (??)
Mr Blackwell
What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does this support? What other case study does it support?
- Labelled/raised as a boy, developed breasts at puberty, had an active ovary on one side and an active testicle on the other, occurs when 2 sperm fertilises an egg, brain as not masculine but he felt masculine - shows biology alone is not enough to determine gender.
- Biosocial
- Mrs DW
What case study goes against the biosocial approach?
David Reimer
Mead
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Arapesh: men/women stereotype of femininity
Mundugumar: both sexes showed macho behaviour
Tchambuli: opposite of western culture (W-possessive/dominant, M-flirtatious) - shows that nurture/environment determines gender. - Cultural influences.
Tager
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?
- Italians: less conformity to traditional ideas of masculinity
N.Italian: less traditional than Southern - shows that culture has an influence on gender roles - Cultural influences.
- Mead
Munroe
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict?
- Female: food preparations/childcare in all societies (sometimes shared), Girls: socialised more towards compliance, Boys: assertiveness - culture has little influence.
- Cultural Influences.
Whiting
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict? What study does this support?
- (Non-Western) Girls: more nurturing/encouraged to spend more time with mothers/given domestic/childcare roles, Boys: tasks outside house, basic goals of parenting were the same - culture has little influence.
- Cultural Influences.
- Munroe
Buss
What specific type of study was this? What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict?
- Cross cultural study in 33 countries, Men: valued physical attractiveness/younger, Women: valued financial capacity and qualities associated with financial success - culture has little influence.
- Cultural influences.
Coates
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Boy developed GID as a defense mechanism to his mothers depression (trauma occurred at 3yo) - trauma led to cross-gender fantasy to resolve anxiety.
- Gender dysphoria (childhood trauma).
Cole
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?
- 434 pps, psychological trauma experienced was no greater than that experienced by the normal population.
- Gender dysphoria (childhood trauma).
Zucker
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?
- 115 boy pps with concerns about gender identity, of the boys diagnosed with GID, 64% were also diagnosed with separation anxiety - mother-son relationships may not be cause as they did not have close relationships.
- Gender dysphoria (Mother and son).
Zhou
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?
- Number of neurons in the thalamus of MtoF transsexuals was similar to that of females, likewise with FtoM being similar to males
- Gender dysphoria (brain sex theory).
Chung et al
What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?
- Differences do not develop until adulthood whereas most transsexuals report that their feelings of gender dysphoria began in early childhood.
- Gender dysphoria (brain sex theory).
