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PSYA3 > Gender Studies > Flashcards

Gender Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Piaget

What did they say and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • That young children cannot distinguish between appearance and realty/have no conversation skills - children show these skills when they understand that superficial changes don’t affect physical characteristics of an object.
  • Kohlbergs
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2
Q

Slaby and Frey

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Interviewed 55 children aged 2-5.5 years, found the children who had reached gender constancy were more likely to pay more attention to the same sex models in the film - looking for role models - understand their gender will not change.
  • Kohlbergs
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3
Q

Damon

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • 4yo - okay for George to play with dolls, 6yo - it’s wrong, older children (9yo) - okay but unusual - still lack internal knowledge, think that toys change gender.
  • Kohlbergs
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4
Q

Ruble

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?

A
  • Children who had reached gender constancy were sensitive to the implicit messages of the advert that certain toys were right/wrong for boys or girls.
  • Kohlbergs
  • Damon
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5
Q

Rabban

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • 3yo couldn’t answer ‘will you be a mummy or daddy’, whereas 95% of 5yo could - think gender can change before they reach gender constancy.
  • Kohlbergs
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6
Q

Campbell et al

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Used visual preference techniques, 3 months (very minor preferences), 18 months (preference to boys activities - stronger in boys) - children have preferences at a younger age than Kohlberg suggested.
  • Gender Schema
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7
Q

Fagot (talking about u Sarah)

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?

A
  • 2 year olds who cannot correctly label their gender spent 80% of their time in same gender groups, whereas those who couldn’t, only spent 50% of their time - motivated to learn the behaviours associated with their gender.
  • Gender Schema
  • Campbell et al
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8
Q

Martin and Halverson

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Showed video of a male being a nurse and a female being a doctor, many children either missed the point, distorted the information (M-D, F-N), or quickly forgot - making the information fit their schema.
  • Gender Schema
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9
Q

Bussey and Bandura

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against? What study does this contradict?

A
  • Children who had not attained a gender identity still disapproved non-conforming behaviour - it’s innate, not always caused from a gender schema.
  • Gender Schema
  • Martin and Halverson
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10
Q

Geshwind and Galaburda

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • In prenatal development, the right side develops earlier/is thicker in males and explains why males have better spatial ability - testosterone is a key influence.
  • Biological
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11
Q

Young

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Female monkeys exposed to male hormones during pre-natal development engaged in more rough and tumble play than control group - testosterone causes aggression.
  • Biological (Testosterone)
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12
Q

Ehrdardt and Money

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Mothers who took male sex hormones to stop uterine bleeding during pregnancy had girls who behaved like tomboys - male sex hormones affect foetal development.
  • Biological
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13
Q 
David Reimer (Ehrdardt and Money) 
What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does it support?
A
  • Had a sex change after circumsition went wrong and was brought up as a girl, was never happy until he reverted back to male at 14 - shows how genes/hormones determine gender not how they’re brought up
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14
Q

Clark and Hatfield

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • None of the women agreed to have sex with a stranger, 75% of men agreed - importance of parental investment, women = picky.
  • Evolutionary
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15
Q

Buss

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?

A
  • Men became more distressed at the image of partner being sexually unfaithful (risk of cuckoldry), women became more distressed at partner being in love with someone else.
  • Evolutionary
  • Clarke and Hatfield
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16
Q

Buss (2)

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Men valued physical attractiveness more than women, also preferred a partner younger than themselves, women valued financial capacity and success - shows different genders seek different attributes.
  • Evolutionary
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17
Q

Dunbar

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against? What study does this contradict?

A
  • Heterosexual women were 3x more likely to seek resources and status than lesbians, gay men offered resources about half as often as heterosexual men - this theory doesn’t show gender differences for everyone - modern women tend to be more financial independent so may look for resources less and seek out emotional characteristics more - theory is outdated
  • Evolutionary (against)
  • Buss
18
Q

Anderson

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Men = more aggressive towards other men than women -shows men compete for reproductive success
  • Evolutionary
19
Q

Luxen

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?

A
  • Men showed more dominant behaviour (head shaking) whereas women showed more affiliation (frequently laughing) - men and women show different behaviours based on evolutionary past, dominance = beneficial for hunting.
  • Evolutionary
  • Anderson
20
Q

Lytton and Romney

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Girls are more likely to be encouraged to help with housework and boys with outdoor tasks - gender stereotyped tasks, copy role models (parents).
  • Social influence (Reinforcement)
21
Q

Archer and Lloyd

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?

A
  • Found that children as young as 3 criticised peers who engaged in cross sex play and were less likely to play with them
  • Social influence (Reinforcement)
  • Lytton and Romney
22
Q

Rust

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Found that young children of either sex who had older brothers became more masculine and those who had older sisters became more feminine - role models, vicarious reinforcement.
  • Social influence (Observational reinforcement)
23
Q

Fagot (AKA Sarah)

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?

A
  • 4yo, children in traditional families (brought up by mother) tended to use more gender labels/role stereotypes than those in egalitarian families (mother and father share parenting).
  • Social influence (Reinforcement)
  • Rust
24
Q

Wober

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Characters on TV, found that males had occupational roles whilst women had caring or childcare roles - media reinforces male/female stereotyped behaviours.
  • Social influence (Media)
25
Q

Williams

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this corroborate (back up)?

A
  • Found that those with more access to TV were more stereotypical than the town with no TV, but once TV was introduced it increased - particularly in boys.
  • Social influence (Media)
  • Wober
26
Q

Colley

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A

Children divide curriculum into boy and girl subjects, this may be related to the gender to the teachers involved - shows importance of teachers as role models.
- Social Influence (Schools)

27
Q

Renzetti and Curran

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?

A
  • Boys are more likely to receive praise for the intellectual quality of their work, but girls are often praised for the neatness of their work - teacher bias may influence children and cause gender stereotypes.
  • Social Influence (Schools)
  • Colley
28
Q

Smith and Lloyd

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • 32 mothers, found that they played more vigorously with a ‘boy’ than a ‘girl’.
  • Biosocial
29
Q 
Mrs DW (Goldwy) 
What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does this support?
A
  • Had AIS, brought up as a women, found out she was biologically male in late teens, no internal female organs, stayed as women and adopted children - never felt masculine (nurture can overhaul nature)
  • Biosocial (??)
30
Q

Mr Blackwell

What did this case study find and what theory of Gender does this support? What other case study does it support?

A
  • Labelled/raised as a boy, developed breasts at puberty, had an active ovary on one side and an active testicle on the other, occurs when 2 sperm fertilises an egg, brain as not masculine but he felt masculine - shows biology alone is not enough to determine gender.
  • Biosocial
  • Mrs DW
31
Q

What case study goes against the biosocial approach?

A

David Reimer

32
Q

Mead

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Arapesh: men/women stereotype of femininity
    Mundugumar: both sexes showed macho behaviour
    Tchambuli: opposite of western culture (W-possessive/dominant, M-flirtatious) - shows that nurture/environment determines gender.
  • Cultural influences.
33
Q

Tager

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support? What study does this support?

A
  • Italians: less conformity to traditional ideas of masculinity
    N.Italian: less traditional than Southern - shows that culture has an influence on gender roles
  • Cultural influences.
  • Mead
34
Q

Munroe

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict?

A
  • Female: food preparations/childcare in all societies (sometimes shared), Girls: socialised more towards compliance, Boys: assertiveness - culture has little influence.
  • Cultural Influences.
35
Q

Whiting

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict? What study does this support?

A
  • (Non-Western) Girls: more nurturing/encouraged to spend more time with mothers/given domestic/childcare roles, Boys: tasks outside house, basic goals of parenting were the same - culture has little influence.
  • Cultural Influences.
  • Munroe
36
Q

Buss

What specific type of study was this? What did they find and what theory of Gender does this contradict?

A
  • Cross cultural study in 33 countries, Men: valued physical attractiveness/younger, Women: valued financial capacity and qualities associated with financial success - culture has little influence.
  • Cultural influences.
37
Q

Coates

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Boy developed GID as a defense mechanism to his mothers depression (trauma occurred at 3yo) - trauma led to cross-gender fantasy to resolve anxiety.
  • Gender dysphoria (childhood trauma).
38
Q

Cole

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?

A
  • 434 pps, psychological trauma experienced was no greater than that experienced by the normal population.
  • Gender dysphoria (childhood trauma).
39
Q

Zucker

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?

A
  • 115 boy pps with concerns about gender identity, of the boys diagnosed with GID, 64% were also diagnosed with separation anxiety - mother-son relationships may not be cause as they did not have close relationships.
  • Gender dysphoria (Mother and son).
40
Q

Zhou

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this support?

A
  • Number of neurons in the thalamus of MtoF transsexuals was similar to that of females, likewise with FtoM being similar to males
  • Gender dysphoria (brain sex theory).
41
Q

Chung et al

What did they find and what theory of Gender does this go against?

A
  • Differences do not develop until adulthood whereas most transsexuals report that their feelings of gender dysphoria began in early childhood.
  • Gender dysphoria (brain sex theory).

PSYA3 (25 decks)

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