Gender Inequality

Question 1

What is education regarded as

Answer 1

The main engine for the improvement of both life chances and social mobility

Question 2

What does evidence suggest about the achievement of males and females in schools

Answer 2

That females generally out-perform males at all levels of education.
In 2013 it shows that women are now a third more likely to enter higher education than men

Question 3

What have feminists pointed out about girls achievement

Answer 3

That despite the fact girls achievement in education outstrip those of males, the ‘hidden curriculum’ means that subject choices in secondary schools and further and higher education tend to be gender-stereotyped

Question 4

What does gender-stereotyped subjects result in

Answer 4

The reinforcement of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the workplace because choice and degree subjects is likely to influence a individuals career choice and therefore opportunities for upward social mobility

Question 5

What is the UK labour market characterised by

Answer 5

Horizontal segregation, meaning that different sectors of employment are dominated by either male or female workers

Question 6

What is an example of horizontal segregation in the workplace

Answer 6

Women make up 79% of the health and social workforce and are also found in clerical jobs etc.
When men are found in the skilled manual and upper professional sectors

Question 7

What is the UK market ALSO characterised by

Answer 7

Vertical segregation, meaning that males and females dominate different levels of jobs in terms of status, skill and pay

Question 8

What do women encounter in the upper professional or management sector

Answer 8

A ‘glass ceiling’ - they can see the top jobs but restrictions or discrimination create barriers that prevent women getting into them

Question 9

How many women a year are dismissed for being pregnant

Answer 9

33,000 - despite it being illegal

Question 10

A ______ _____ ____ exists

Answer 10

A gender pay gap exists

Question 11

How many women miss out on what after becoming pregnant

Answer 11

440,000 women miss out on promotion and higher pay because of pregnancy and maternity leave

Question 12

ONS statistic on the gender pay gap

Answer 12

In 2016 the pay gap between men and women stood at 18%

Question 13

What does The Fawcett society argue

Answer 13

That this Pay gap is partly caused by a ‘motherhood penalty’ - motherhood often results in part time work

Question 14

What does evidence suggest about women and a lower income than men

Answer 14

It is for a variety of reasons.

Most being childcare reasons - women take on part-time jobs, take days off for sick children, take maternity leave etc

Question 15

What did ONS find in 2012 to do with wealth

Answer 15

They found a clear disparity between women and men in terms of who owns the most homes, pensions, cars and stocks and shares.

Question 16

What do some sociologists claim vertical segregation in the workplace has resulted in

Answer 16

A ‘feminisation of poverty.

About a quarter of women will live in poverty when they retire compared with about one in ten men

Question 17

What does Chant argue about women in poverty

Answer 17

Women are more likely to be poor because they experience ‘time poverty’ - while men spend their younger years building up their career, women spend this same time having children. When they re enter the workforce, they have to start from the bottom

Question 18

What did Research carried out by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JFR) find

Answer 18

Women believed that poverty undermined their ability to be a supportive parent to their children.
Therefore mothers in poverty are more likely to suffer poor mental and physical health.

Question 19

What did Lee savage find

Answer 19

That men were 40% more likely to climb the career ladder than women

Question 20

What did Li and Devine find

Answer 20

That women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile

Question 21

In 2015 what did the Social mobility and Child poverty commission conclude

Answer 21

That relative social mobility rates for men have flat-lined, whereas the odds ratio for women has improved

Question 22

Statistic on exclusions in schools

Answer 22

Four fifths of exclusions from schools are boys

Question 23

How is a mans health put at risk

Answer 23

Through his manual jobs that they do, in 2016 it was recorded 1,300 deaths a year that was a result of exposure to chemicals and dust at work

Question 24

What gender lives longer

Answer 24

Females usually outlive males

Question 25

How does work effect a mans health

Answer 25

They are more likely to work full time and to longer and more unsociable hours than female workers.

Work is a central part of a mans identity, and redundancy and unemployment can therefore have a severe negative effect on both their physical and mental health

Question 26

What does Benatar claim

Answer 26

That men are now more likely than women to be victims of discrimination. He calls this the ‘second sexism’.

He argues men are conscripted to fight in wars than women and are also victims of violence. Women are more likely to gain custody over kids during breakups. Men are more likely to gain the most dangerous and undesirable jobs.

Question 27

What does Farrell claim

Answer 27

That a ‘glass cellar’ exists with regards to mens employment. The 25 lowest ranked jobs, 24 of them are dominated by males and these jobs often are poorly paid and offer little job security.

Question 28

Is there a crisis in modern masculinity

Answer 28

YES

Question 29

What do Mac and Ghaill (1994) suggest

Answer 29

That working-class boys are experiencing a crisis in masculinity. They are socialised into becoming the breadwinner of the household but jobs in the manufacturing industry has declined and long-term male unemployment has become a norm.

The new jobs created by the service sector have been mainly occupied by females

Question 30

How has the role in fathers changed

Answer 30

In the 1990s men are more likely to be present at the birth, compared to 1960s, and play a much larger role in childcare now than they did.

Question 31

What does Beck (1992) argue

Answer 31

In the late-modern age, fathers can no longer rely on jobs to provide a sense of identity. Instead they look to their children to give them a sense of identity and purpose

Question 32

What did Gray (2006) find

Answer 32

That many fathers would like to spend more time with their children but are prevented by long work hours from bonding effectively with their children