Gender Inequality Flashcards
What is education regarded as
The main engine for the improvement of both life chances and social mobility
What does evidence suggest about the achievement of males and females in schools
That females generally out-perform males at all levels of education.
In 2013 it shows that women are now a third more likely to enter higher education than men
What have feminists pointed out about girls achievement
That despite the fact girls achievement in education outstrip those of males, the ‘hidden curriculum’ means that subject choices in secondary schools and further and higher education tend to be gender-stereotyped
What does gender-stereotyped subjects result in
The reinforcement of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the workplace because choice and degree subjects is likely to influence a individuals career choice and therefore opportunities for upward social mobility
What is the UK labour market characterised by
Horizontal segregation, meaning that different sectors of employment are dominated by either male or female workers
What is an example of horizontal segregation in the workplace
Women make up 79% of the health and social workforce and are also found in clerical jobs etc.
When men are found in the skilled manual and upper professional sectors
What is the UK market ALSO characterised by
Vertical segregation, meaning that males and females dominate different levels of jobs in terms of status, skill and pay
What do women encounter in the upper professional or management sector
A ‘glass ceiling’ - they can see the top jobs but restrictions or discrimination create barriers that prevent women getting into them
How many women a year are dismissed for being pregnant
33,000 - despite it being illegal
A ______ _____ ____ exists
A gender pay gap exists
How many women miss out on what after becoming pregnant
440,000 women miss out on promotion and higher pay because of pregnancy and maternity leave
ONS statistic on the gender pay gap
In 2016 the pay gap between men and women stood at 18%
What does The Fawcett society argue
That this Pay gap is partly caused by a ‘motherhood penalty’ - motherhood often results in part time work
What does evidence suggest about women and a lower income than men
It is for a variety of reasons.
Most being childcare reasons - women take on part-time jobs, take days off for sick children, take maternity leave etc
What did ONS find in 2012 to do with wealth
They found a clear disparity between women and men in terms of who owns the most homes, pensions, cars and stocks and shares.
What do some sociologists claim vertical segregation in the workplace has resulted in
A ‘feminisation of poverty.
About a quarter of women will live in poverty when they retire compared with about one in ten men
What does Chant argue about women in poverty
Women are more likely to be poor because they experience ‘time poverty’ - while men spend their younger years building up their career, women spend this same time having children. When they re enter the workforce, they have to start from the bottom
What did Research carried out by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JFR) find
Women believed that poverty undermined their ability to be a supportive parent to their children.
Therefore mothers in poverty are more likely to suffer poor mental and physical health.
What did Lee savage find
That men were 40% more likely to climb the career ladder than women
What did Li and Devine find
That women are still less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile
In 2015 what did the Social mobility and Child poverty commission conclude
That relative social mobility rates for men have flat-lined, whereas the odds ratio for women has improved
Statistic on exclusions in schools
Four fifths of exclusions from schools are boys
How is a mans health put at risk
Through his manual jobs that they do, in 2016 it was recorded 1,300 deaths a year that was a result of exposure to chemicals and dust at work
What gender lives longer
Females usually outlive males
How does work effect a mans health
They are more likely to work full time and to longer and more unsociable hours than female workers.
Work is a central part of a mans identity, and redundancy and unemployment can therefore have a severe negative effect on both their physical and mental health
What does Benatar claim
That men are now more likely than women to be victims of discrimination. He calls this the ‘second sexism’.
He argues men are conscripted to fight in wars than women and are also victims of violence. Women are more likely to gain custody over kids during breakups. Men are more likely to gain the most dangerous and undesirable jobs.
What does Farrell claim
That a ‘glass cellar’ exists with regards to mens employment. The 25 lowest ranked jobs, 24 of them are dominated by males and these jobs often are poorly paid and offer little job security.
Is there a crisis in modern masculinity
YES
What do Mac and Ghaill (1994) suggest
That working-class boys are experiencing a crisis in masculinity. They are socialised into becoming the breadwinner of the household but jobs in the manufacturing industry has declined and long-term male unemployment has become a norm.
The new jobs created by the service sector have been mainly occupied by females
How has the role in fathers changed
In the 1990s men are more likely to be present at the birth, compared to 1960s, and play a much larger role in childcare now than they did.
What does Beck (1992) argue
In the late-modern age, fathers can no longer rely on jobs to provide a sense of identity. Instead they look to their children to give them a sense of identity and purpose
What did Gray (2006) find
That many fathers would like to spend more time with their children but are prevented by long work hours from bonding effectively with their children
