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sociology- culture, socialisation, identity > Gender identities > Flashcards

Gender identities Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘gender’?

A

Describes the ways in which men and women are expected to behave in society, and is often socially constructed, through the socialisation process

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2
Q

What is ‘sex’?

A

Classifies people as being male or female, based on their biological or physical characteristics

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3
Q

What are some traditional masculine characteristics?

A
  • Strong
  • Brave
  • Assertive
  • Independent
  • Rational
  • Non-emotional
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4
Q

What are some traditional feminine characteristics?

A
  • Caring
  • Nurturing
  • Submissive
  • Unconfident
  • Irrational
  • Emotional
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5
Q

What do functionalists think about the construction of gender?

A

Gender is biologically determined

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6
Q

What does Parsons say about the construction of gender

A
  • ‘Sex role differentiation theory’:
  • men are best suited to an ‘instumental role’
  • women are best suited to an ‘expressive role’
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7
Q

What does Mead say about the construction of gender?

A
  • Gender roles are socially constructed
  • They are learnt through the socialisation process
  • E.g: Tchambuli tribe
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8
Q

What does Hakim say about gender identities?

A
  • Postfeminism theory
  • Women can choose between being: home-centered, adpative or work-centered in terms of their work or lifestyles
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9
Q

What does Seidler say about gender identities?

A
  • Asian girls adopt different types of femininity within their home and outside of the home, as they do not want to go against ‘izzat’
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10
Q

Who argues gender is biologically determined?

A

Wilson

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11
Q

What do feminists think about the construction of gender?

A
  • Patriarchy socially constructs gender identity
  • Male dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how men and women should be
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12
Q

What did Mac an Ghaill say about gender, as a result of socialisation?

A
  • Boys learn to be men, in their peer groups
  • Hyper masculinity was the main source of identity for the ‘macho lads’
  • Taught the 3 F’s (football, fighting, f*ing)
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13
Q

What do postmodernists think about the construction of gender?

A
  • Stanley and Wise- argue gender identity is socially constructed, through the socialisation process, and as a result of the decisions and choices we make ourselves (the way in which we exercise agency)
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14
Q

What are the 5 types of masculinity?

A
  • Hegemonic
  • Marginalised
  • Complicit
  • Subordinate
  • Metrosexual
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of femininity?

A
  • Passive
  • Assertive
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16
Q

What did Faludi say about gender identity?

A
  • There is a decline in male jobs and breadwinner roles
  • ‘Male backlash’, due to threatened patriarchy and male dominance
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17
Q

What type of femininity supports the view that ‘feminities are changing’?

A
  • Assertive femininity
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18
Q

What type of femininity supports the view that ‘feminities are not changing’?

A
  • Passive femininity
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19
Q

What type of masculinity supports the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

A
  • Complicit masculinity
  • Subordinate masculinity
  • Metrosexual male
  • Marginalised masculinity
20
Q

What type of masculinity supports the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • Hegemonic masculinity
21
Q

What does Sharpe say to support the view that ‘femininities are changing’?

A
  • Young females are becoming more assertive over their rights
  • ‘Just like a girl’- study compares young girls in 1970s to 1990s and found changing priorities and blurring of the ‘traditional’ female
22
Q

What does Denscombe say to support the view that ‘femininities are changing’?

A
  • There is an increase in female risk taking
  • More drinking, drugs, smoking, etc
  • These girls are ‘anything but the sterotype’
23
Q

What does Blackman say to support the view that ‘femininities are changing’?

A
  • ‘New wave girls group’ (subculture) enable girls to gain confidence and strength to use their sexuality to challenge school’s male culture, and male peer’s sexualisation
24
Q

What does Jackson say to support the view that ‘femininities are changing’?

A
  • Growth of the ‘ladettes’
  • Girls now spend time drinking, smoking, etc
25
Q

What does Wilkinson say to support the view that ‘femininities are changing’?

A
  • There is a fundamental shift in women younger than 35
  • Causes a ‘genderquake’
  • Feminisation of the workplace (increase in working women)
26
Q

What does Sharpe say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • (1970s) marriage and motherhood were the main ambitions of teenage girls (Just like a girl study)
27
Q

What does Oakley say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • Girls are more likely to be given dolls to play with (gender role socialisation)- through canalisation
  • Gender identity is socially constructed
28
Q

What does Seidler say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • Perceptions of femininity are based on family-gendered expectations, that enable double standards
29
Q

What does Parsons say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • Sex role theory- women perform expressive roles, associated with emotion and affection
  • Gender identity is biologically constructed
30
Q

What does Lees say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • Pressure on teenage girls, due to language from peer groups
31
Q

What do Skelton and Francis say to support the view that ‘femininities are not changing’?

A
  • Double standards are applied to girls and boys within primary schools
  • Gendered play
32
Q

What does Connel say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

COMPLICIT

A
  • ‘New man’ has emerged in the last 10 years
  • Sharing childcare and housework with female partners
  • The new man is= non-sexist, non-aggressive, sensitive, considerate, caring, sharing
33
Q

What do Young and Wilmott say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

COMPLICIT

A
  • There is a move from segregted conjugal roles to integrated roles (more flexibility within ‘gendered’ roles
34
Q

What does Connel say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

SUBORDINATE

A
  • Subordinate males are linked to homosexual males
  • Men dress more feminine and act in a stereotypical feminine manner, carrying out ‘womens’ jobs
35
Q

What does Mort say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

METROSEXUAL

A
  • Hetrosexual men who are concerned with their image and invest in personal grooming products (e.g. David Beckham)
36
Q

What does Abbott say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

METROSEXUAL

A
  • There have been big shifts in fashion styles of men: men are taking on a keen interest in clothes, hair and personal appearance
37
Q

What does Connel say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

MARGINALISED

A
  • There is a loss of experience of young boys
38
Q

What does Mac an Ghaill say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

MARGINALISED

A
  • We are experiencing a ‘crisis of masculinity’ due to the decline of traditional industries
  • This results in unemployment and a loss of self-esteem
39
Q

What do MacDonald and Marsh say to support the view that ‘masculinities are changing’?

MARGINALISED

A
  • Importance of peer groups for disengaged young males
  • Groups reinforce and shape masculinity
40
Q

What does Parsons say to support the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • Males possess the instrumental roles within society
  • They take on the role of the ‘breadwinner’
  • Sex role theory- socialisation
41
Q

What does Connel say to support the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • Men are not expected to show emotion
  • Instead men are expected to show aggression, rationality and toughness
42
Q

What does Willis say to support the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • ‘Macho lads’ tend to have labour employment job roles
43
Q

What do Mac an Ghaill say to support the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • The hegemonic male is associated with violence, sexism, crime, anti-subcultures
44
Q

What does Jackson say to support the view that ‘masculinities are not changing’?

A
  • ‘Laddish’ behaviour is carried out by young boys due to a fear of academic failure (working class males)
45
Q

What are some reasons for changing gender identities?

A
  • Changing social attitudes
  • Influence of the media
  • Changes to the workplace
  • Changes in the law (Equality Act 2010)
  • Changing norms and values
  • Increasingly similar behaviour between males and females
46
Q

What are some reasons for gender identities not changing?

A
  • Traditional stereotypes
  • Peer group socialisation
  • Family socialisation
  • Gender identity as a social construct

sociology- culture, socialisation, identity (13 decks)

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