Culture- 6 markers Flashcards

1
Q

NORMS-
Social rules which define the acceptable and expected ways of behaving in a given social situation

A

Come from agreed values- e.g don’t cheat in exams- honesty

Plummer- cultural relativity (time to time, place to place, culture to culture)

Hamar Tribe- norms are different in different cultures

Mead’s research- gender roles are culturally relative

Examples- Queueing, eating with a knife and fork, wearing clothes in public, obeying rules/laws (UK). Wear uniform, obey teahcer, listen, punctuality, do homework (school)

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2
Q

VALUES-
Beliefs and ideas that are deemed as important by society

A

Things that a society believes in, strives to achieve, and guides their behaviour

Provide guidelines for behaviour and enforce the norms of a society

Functionalists (wealth, educational success, motivation, compitative)- meritocracy

Marxists (obedience, consumerism, greed, envy)

Examples- Life, success, honesty, loyalty, hygeine, family (UK). Educational achievement, obedience, respect, conformity, knowledge (school)

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3
Q

CULTURE-
The entire learned and shared way of life of a society (Williams)

A

Culture forms the connection between an individual and society

Includes the whole system of behaviours and beliefs of a society

Woodward- culture of society is based on ‘shared meanings, values and practices’

Including: language, values, norms, traditions, lifestyle

Examples- Islamic culture follows a set diet, English culture follows the English language

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4
Q

SUBCULTURE-
A culture within a culture

A

Share distinctive norms and values within a wider culture

Reflect the changing nature of society and its concerns

Marxists argue that youth subcultural groups resist capitalism

Functionalists focus on the deficiencies of working-class culture

Examples- based on age (e.g: youth subcultures= punks, emo), ethnicity, music/fashion, political beliefs. Sporting subcultures= skaters/football fans

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5
Q

POP CULTURE-
Cultural products and activities enjoyed by the masses of the population

A

Involves cultural products that are heavily influenced by the media, results in consumerism

Mass culture= manipulating the masses- manufactured and fake

Contrasts with high culture

Strinati- media are largely responsible for creating pop culture, and have been manufactured to make a profit (manufactured and fake, form of brainwashing)

Product of a media-dominated world

Examples- watching TV, going to the cinema, playing/watching football, reading magazines and newspapers, pop music

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6
Q

HIGH CULTURE-
Cultural process associated with the well educated, elite upper class

A

Based on cultural products that represent the highest achievements in humanity

Superior to other forms of culture, and is often appreciated by those with a high level opf education and social upbringing= ‘cultured’

Contrasts with popular culture

Operates on a system of social closure (Mackintosh)- exclusive

Leavis- associated with high culture, who was writing in 1930s

Examples- ballet, opera, classical music and literature, hunting, polo, private education

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7
Q

CONSUMER CULTURE-
The goods and services we consume in society

A

Our identity becomes defined by the things we consume- based on cultural and economic factors

Consumerism is increasing as it is becoming more accessible- encouraged by the media

Lury- identified features of consumer culture- availability of goods, shopping=leisure, debt is a norm, packaging/promotion of goods is a large-scale business, different forms of shopping are available

Conspicuous consumption- individuals consume branded goods to gain status (e.g. iphones, cars- post war)

Examples- shopping= leisure (Westfield), debt= norm, conspicious consumption (Nike, Apple)

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8
Q

GLOBAL CULTURE-
The growing cultural influences that connect countries globally, through economic and social connections

A

Americanisation- American culture and values erodes traditional local cultures, replacing them

Hall- Cultural homogenisation- reduction of cultural diversity, norms and values merge. Cultural hybridity-two cultures combined, new cultures emerge

McLuhan- the world has become a smaller place (‘global village’)

Examples- McDonalds, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, Apple (global brands), Hollywood-Bollywood, henna, Amazon (tech advances), the euro, Western sitcoms

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9
Q

CULTURAL DIVERSITY-
The existence of different cultural or ethnic groups in a society

A

Can be between cultures (intercultural diversity) and within cultures (intracultural diversity)

Include the culturally embedded differences within society (e.g. UK)

Diversity of norms and values within a society- changes the norms and values

Parekh- 3 types of diversity: distinct ways of life, rebel and reject values, communal diversification

Examples- class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, age, politics

E.g: UK= diversity of regional culture (Welsh, Scottish, English, Northern Irish)

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10
Q

CULTURAL HYBRIDITY-
The merging of two or more cultures, to create one new culture

A

UK culture is hybrid as it contains aspects of English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, culture

UK is also influenced by American, Asian, etc culture

Can include the merging of culture with values and norms

Hall- cultural hybridity as a response to globalisation

Johal- Brasians are cultural code switchers

Examples- music, food, fashion, Brasians, Blasians

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11
Q

CULTURAL RELATIVITY-
Culture is different from one culture to another

A

Norms and values of each culture differ

Mead- tribal study- culture and gender roles were different within each tribe

Plummer- culture is relative from place to place, time to time, culture to culture

Place to place- (inside the home vs in public) smoking, underage drinking

Time to time- homosexuality, abortion, rape

Culture to culture- diet, dress, drugs

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12
Q

Socialisation-
The process through which we learn the norms and values of our society

A

Types= primary and secondary

Resocialisation: becoming re-socialised into society

Socialisation occurs throughout an individual’s whole lifetime

There are agents of socialisation, that play a part in the way in which we are socialised (the way we learn the norms and values of society)

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13
Q

Primary socialisation-
The early period in an individual’s life, during which they learn the norms and values of society

A

Occurs between 0-5 years old

Primary socialisation is normally intimate and prolonged contact with family

Our family play a large part in teaching us basic norms and values of our society

Family is the key primary socialisation example

Media may also be seen as an example of primary socialisation in modern times, as children are introduced to media at an increasingly young age

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14
Q

Secondary socialisation-
The second type of socialisation that occurs, which is determined and shaped by those other than family members

A

Peer group, education, religion, workplace and media

Peer groups- ages 5-18, learn about acceptable behaviour, however can lead to rebellion

Education- formal and informal curriculum teach children both educational values, and the other norms and values of society

Media- representation of different social groups may influence our views, however may influence violence

Religion- religion influences some groups more than others, but in the UK many of our values and norms are based on the Christian faith

Workplace- resocialisation, new norms and values introduced through the workplace, e.g. dress code, codes of conduct

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15
Q

Social control-
The various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant norms and values of a society

A

Formal social control- FORCE: prison, police, governments, courts

Informal social control- PERSUADE: family, peers, media

Education and workplace can be FORMAL or INFORMAL social control mechanisms

Marxism- social control used to force or persuade individuals of the working class to conform to ruling class norms and values

Functionalism- social control used to force or persuade individuals to conform to the value consensus of society

Examples- formal: promotion, MBE, prison, fines. Informal: reward chart, applause, grounded, being ignored (peers)

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16
Q

Formal social control-
Used to force individuals to conform to society’s norms and values

A

Examples- police, government (education, workplace)

Use of positive and negative sanctions to enforce the law

Positive sanctions- MBE, knighthood, public awards

Negative sanctions- fines, exclusion, prison sentence

17
Q

Informal social control-
Used to persuade individuals to conform

A

Examples- media, religion, peers, family (education, workplace)

Use of positive and negative sanctions to ensure individual conforms and does not deviate

Positive sanctions- reward chart, applause, smiling

Negative sanctions- being grounded, being ignored, phone taken away