Ethnic identities Flashcards
What did Nayak say about ethnic identities?
Changing
‘White Wannabes’- describes White British males who behave in a way influenced by black hip-hop cultures (e.g. Ali G)
What did Cashmore and Troyna say about ethnic identities?
Still significant, not changing
Ethnic minorities have a tendency to ‘turn inwards’ in response to racism- seeking support from their own ethnic communities. Strengthens religion and culture= key source of identity
What did James say about ethnic identities?
Still significant, not changing
Shared experience of racism unifies African-Caribbeans in the UK. Hierarchy of colour due to colonialism creates differences but racism unites them= shared oppositional culture, organised around the label ‘black’
What did Jacobson say about ethnic identities?
Not changing, still significant
Young Pakistanis adopt a strong Islamic identity, as a result of social exclusion from white British society. Strong Muslim identity provides them with stability and security. Positive embracing of Islamic identity in terms of diet, dress, etc= form of defence and resistance to marginalisation
What did Modood say about ethnic identities?
Changing, no longer significant
Generational divides in Asian and African-Caribbean families show ethnic identities are changing. 2nd generation felt more British than their parents (hybrid identities)
What do Postmodernists (Taylor/Polhemus) say about ethnic identities?
Changing, no longer significant
Identity is about choice, people can create their own hybrid identity (pick n mix), (supermarket of style)
What did Back say about ethnic identities?
Changing, no longer significant
White and black youths developed hybrid identities. ‘Neighbourhood nationalism’ (shared solidarity and common identity) allows for a shared identity between ethnic groups
What did Brah say about ethnic identities?
Changing, no longer significant
Young British Asians are skillful cultural code switchers- find ways to negotiate their identity (e.g. identify one way with peers, and another with parents)
What did Butler say about ethnic identities?
Changing
3rd generation Muslims can choose from a number of different identities- adopt some Western ideas, and retaining traditional beliefs. Families shape identity
What did Johal say about ethnic identities?
Changing
2nd and 3rd generation Asians have a dual identity- inherit Asian identity, and adopt a British identity. Results in code switching and adopting a white mask
What did Burdsey say about ethnic identities?
Changing
Under-representation of Asians in football, causing them to create a dual identity and code switch from group to group
What did Ghumman say about ethnic identities?
Still significant, not changing
Tradition, religion and family values are important in the upbringing of 2nd generation Asians in the UK
Asian children are socialised into the extended family, with emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour, religious commitment
What did Ballard say about ethnic identities?
Changing
2nd generation South Asians in Britain experience 2 cultures- follow a hybrid identity. 1st generation= British culture has little value
What did Gilroy say about ethnic identities?
Still significant
Young black people in Uk argue for use of term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity not rooted in the UK- shared experience of racism can transcend differences in background and history to create a ‘black’ identity
What did Derrington and Kendall/Song/Francis and Archer say about ethnic identities?
Still significant, not changing
D+K= traveller community
S/F+A= British Chinese families
Challenges of growing up in minority groups- shared identity due to discrimination and social exclusion
What did Hewitt say about ethnic identities?
Still significant, changing
White ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism
White w/c react with anger at positive discrimination towards ethnic minorities, and defend their own ethnic identity
What is race?
Refers to the colour of your skin (biologically determined)
What is ethnicity?
Refers to a person’s cultural characteristics, norms and values
Is ethnic identity biologically determined, socially constructed or a choice?
Socially constructed (structuration)
What is a dual identity?
People have one identity at a time (one with peers, another different identity with family)
What is a white mask?
Putting on a ‘white identity’ to fit in with peers
What is a hybrid identity?
Merging of 2 or more different identities to form 1 new identity
What is code switching?
Switching between 2 different identities to suit the group
What is a negotiated identity?
Having a fixed identity, with some choice/control
