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social anthropology 1007 > gender and sexuality cases and readings > Flashcards

gender and sexuality cases and readings Flashcards

1
Q

chandra mohanty aim

A

1988: feminist scholarship and colonial disrouces;

how colonization and hegemoic white women create a cultural discource around the ‘third world woman’

aim: to analzye the production of this monolithic third world women in wetsern femist texts and look at the effects and representation to the ‘the other’

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2
Q

women vs woman (mohanty)

A

women; real subjects of collective histories

woman; priviliege ethnocentrisim is universal in western outcome; production of a third world ‘woman’ is appropoation and generalization
- ‘western women’ analyze ‘non western women’ as victims, relations of power, struggle adn assumptions of a universal partriarchal framework

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3
Q

analyzed texts of mohanty

A

zed press women int the third world

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4
Q

points of mohanty

A
  1. assumption of women as universal and coherent group
  2. third world women is base don femined gender and seen as poor/ignorant/tradition/religion
  3. western women as self-resperseetation of modern fierce and sexual control
  4. women categrogies as a singular group of SHARED oprression and sameless; homogenous ‘powerless’ group without agency
  5. women as must analyzed within ther cultural contexts (motherhood vs mothering)
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5
Q

frans hosken (mohanty)

A
  • focuses on human rights and female genital mutiliation
  • goal to ‘mutiliate sexual pleasure’

male sexual politics= rape

women as systematic victims of male control

women as objects and men as biolent subjects; creates opposstion

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6
Q

beverly lindsay (mohany)

A

shared dependences of third world woman;
‘victim status’ of ‘vietmanesse AND black woman’

universal grouping of powerlessness

does nto look at historical and political roles of wome in respecitives environments

assumes seuxal political sobuejcts prior to analysis

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7
Q

women in zambia (cutrufelli)

A

the ‘bemba’ marriage ritual

multi-stage event: a matrillineal society

  • man marries into family
  • girl goes through sexual intitation period in puberty; after this period man can obtain legal rights over qomen

cutrufelli; colonilization disrupts this by allowing men to ‘buy/take away’ woman from her people

mohanty critique; not true; there is a political difference between pre and post intitiated girl; different values assosiated with each bemba woman (not a united grouo of ‘women)

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8
Q

minnies

A

islam oprresses aran and muslim victim identitally; a singular patricarahal system that equally affects women

mohanty crituque;

  • implies women exist outside of histor
  • implies islam is ahomogenous ideology seperate form social relationships

e.g. ‘purdah’ (hiding of women) in pirzada; provides stability and personal securty

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9
Q

development policies (mohanty)

A

perdita huston says that development policies should be aimed at economic development by giving women ‘training’

mohanty critque;

  • different social structures; assumed women have same social class and role (cant assume rural and urban women have same needs and desires)
  • policies cant be gender based as women different by history, class and race, etc
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10
Q

example of a good analysis (according to mohanty) of women

A

Maria Mies 1982 Narsapur India:
looked at the housewife production of lace dollies in world market

a. ideology of a housewife; don’t leave home and their lace making seen as leisure (despite being aprt of global market)
b. hosuewife sdont want to leave home and look down but also jealous of working, ‘less respesctable’ women; shows cracks and contradictions in ideolgoy in this hierarchy

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11
Q

methods of female opprression

A
  1. ‘univeralism’ as proof (veil; sexual segregation verywhere)
  2. reproduction, sexual division of labour and family= is not a historical cultural and local process
  3. metholodical values of women being nature and men being culture
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12
Q

‘veiling’ meaning variation histo-cultural

A

iranian middle class in 1979; during revolution wore veils to support female working class

modern iranian woman; veil due to iranian institional mandate

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13
Q

housewife meaning variation histo-cultural

A

in US; woman as ‘head’ of household as indepednence and progress

in latin america; out of economic neccessite

‘feminziation of poverty’

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14
Q

mohanty and binaries

A
  • creaiton of male and female binaries is explotiive and power dynamics (i.e. women powerless, men powerful)

creates a dichotomy between east and west

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15
Q

farha ghannam argument

A

2013; gender dynamics in urban egypt
studies masculinity in AL-Zawyia al-Hamra

argument: masculinity is a collective project by public and community

)male body as social product and social producers

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16
Q

women and male portryal in middle east

A

women:
- are over-embodied in western media and victimized
- focus on their body, nature secrecy (hijab)

men:
- under-embodied in western media as oppresive, dehumanized
- masculinity just assumed and that they arent affected by sociocultural constructs and realities

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17
Q

masculine trajectory

A

process of becoming a man

  • fashioned by expectations
  • interplay of individual and collective
  • quest for social reconigiotn
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18
Q

hegemonic masculinity

A

process and pattern of allowing for male dominance over women

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19
Q

Al-Zawyia

A
  • ‘colorism’ skin preference for fair sknned normally but in egypt so man skiin colours and races; therefore gender is stronger in social construction than race
20
Q

religion in egypt

A 
institional structure; 
determines conduct (men use islam as force to shape views)
and social recoginition dependent on male religious involved
21
Q

urban environment in egypt

A

alzayiwa-
affects masculine trajection by higher transport and economic opporutinies
- male and female engagment in economy
- stark difference bbetween rich and poor
- education and employment; cultural ccapital for social movility
- women leave home to work to secure men as MAIN providers

22
Q

challenges for female ethnographers

A
  • difficulty of accessing ‘male only’ places
  • bias of feminists perspectives (want to humanize men)
  • beliefs in patriarhty
23
Q

manhood in egypt

A
  • masculinity as social process

rugula= manhood; determined by body (risktaking, courage, worker) and norms (courage, toughness) for social recognition

i.e. samer rescued people from building; called a ‘real man’; family proud

24
Q

samers trajectory (farha ghannam)

A
  • youth development; street as place for male socilization (mobility and control of female mobliity as status) + economic polishing by the urban
  • old men; expected to work and attend to family needs
  • body; presentation of self (hair) by white ideal or famous people; must be physicall strong and have muscles; go to gym
  • money; money as economic productivity and financial success attached to masculinity
  • marriage; secure spouse to confirm heteroseuxality (contraductions assumption men single by choice)
  • samer; was generous; became unemployed (nothing wrose than a man than not having a job); has to move away to get financial success for family however at 40 is unmarried and therefore now needs ot find a yougn and pure wife
  • is rejected by women due to ‘thinning hair’
  • -finally find sa fife; needs to NOW beome father
25
Q

ghnamans conclusion about masculinity in egypt

A

masculinity; reestablished by changes in different contexts and times and for different audiencies (to inhabit certain norms at certain times)

  • men must modify behavioru to shift to changing norms; masculinty therefore determined by ability to adatp to new social expctations
26
Q

zines and zone sof desire

A

gay identity in indonesia; show how national character dferetrmines worthiness of gay indonesians

  • love is ‘ultimate prestasti’ (act of good dead) which rationalizes their justificaiton to national belonging

gay zines; illsutrate masculunitiy

zine distrubtion to strengthen gay se lfhood.

process of ‘proclaiming’ self, not of ‘coming out’

LOVE as personal importance; also ‘sicklove portrayal ‘

marriage is a CHOICE not an ARRANGMENT; attraction in indoensia used to be irrelevant as arrange dmarriages; already assumption taht they dont happen naturally; therefore failure of marriage failure of union

27
Q

lesbi zines

A
  • less women publish
  • face more difficulties in publishing
  • believe indonesia better plac than euro-america where women are ‘opposed by mobility, privacy and family principles’/see other women face homophobia, violence and ‘bad moral behaviour’

usually as drawings

28
Q

depiction of euroamericans in zinez

A

euroamerican zines; depiction of self and sexually liberation

indonesian zines; focus on depiction of collective as group; dont globalize and are linguistically confiend to be part of indonesian society

gay zines; depict euromaerca as paraisde of free sex

29
Q

the zones of desire

A
  1. homosex and homolove; positive desccusion of sexuality among men; zines have to be pure to avoid negative preresentation (hence; rare images of sex)
  2. love is relational therefore social therefore national
  3. national sexualities are linked to cultur
30
Q

prestatsi

A

charity/good deed; love as ultimate deed; therefore gay zines are an active process of citizenship to foster social success that gay indoensians can do ‘prestasti’

31
Q

henrike donner aim

A

love and marriakge in koklate middle class families (2016

aim: analyze the transformation of love and choice in kolkata
- the implications of a patrilocality and reality of joine tfamilies
- focus on bengali middle class families and shifts from love marriages and arranged marriages to negogitaiton marriage

32
Q

types of love in india

A

prem= sexual desire and lust

kam= love in egalistrian values of friendship

33
Q

types of women in kolkata

A

traditional ‘good girls’ who seek joint families

indepdenent modern girls who seek love and vhoice marriage

34
Q

love marriages

A

seen as less stable, and discusse din patrilocal terms;
assosiated with modernity and social change
- are being westernized; seen as the ‘death of tradition’

35
Q

choice marriage

A

consent and choice part of modern spouse selection; love marriages no longer exetion; cultural trnasformatino

36
Q

role of space in modern india

A

provides young people for spaces to meet/less monitored/pda

37
Q

somali case

A

her mother (india) sees lvoe marriages as non-lasting

arranged marriages; are lasting and solution to WHOLE family

marriage is seperate form love; for the greater good

38
Q

young people attitud eto lvoe and marriage

A

want love with parental consent; parental consent desirable with individual fullment due to joined living

sushmita; ‘modernity is ok as long as i have my familys approval’

39
Q

argument of emily martin

A

egg and sperm 1991; culture shapes how biologists describe world;
stereotypes that conteptuzliae women as less worth than men

40
Q

what evidence does martin use

A
  • john hopkins undergrad textbooks
  • schatten lab
  • paul wasserman
41
Q

ways female reproductive system is portrayed

A
  1. as passive
    - - egg is ‘swept’, is ‘holy/religious’, is ‘sleeping beauty’
    - - ovlution; ‘egg sits on sehfla nd degenerates’
    - ovaries; ‘become old and worn out/wasteful’
    - menstruation; ‘chaotic failure of ceasing and losing’
    - dependent on male (hershberger; male organs are autonomous and indpedent)
    - egg described in parts, vs sperm as hole
  2. as aggresive; ‘femme fatalae’ image
    ‘ lures the sperm’
    ‘zona; aggresive sperm capture’
    role of either servant or mother
42
Q

mutual relationship between egg and sperm?

A
  • are mutualistic parters
  • recognize each other
  • jp hartman shows that if egg is killed sperm cant enter; mutual relation
43
Q

martins sugestsinos to redescription

A
  • female system as responding to envrionemtn and adjusting to monthyl changes
  • flexible change from reproducing to nonreproducind (grandmother hypthesis)
44
Q

martins implicatiosn of the sexual stereotypes

A

darwin evolution shaped how human actions are described:

personhood attached to human actiosn and body parts; therefore causes abortion arguments/amnioscentistis issues for a woman (similar to modern totemism or animism)

its a feminist challenge to overcome these metpahors and norms; science as a social agenda

45
Q

male reprodcutive system

A

maturaitno of sperm; produce/ermarkatble process of producing somethinb valuable

sperm; is active/strong/delivers genes to eggs/ heroic/decision maker

or as victim

46
Q

gender debate (rebecca rely cooepr) main points

A
  • gender spectrum notion is politically troublign and illogocal
  • gender is relative to each person and determined comparively (like height)
  • important to recognize there are more than 2 genders; stop creating opposiing dicthoomites
  • nonbinary is creating a false binard by again, contrasting gender ideals against each other
  • gender identity is infinite
  • gender therefore not a spectrum; insstead just innate and internal property and experiences
47
Q

zimman facebook gender debate main points

A
  • pronouns can be linguistically confusing (them; is it ploural or singular?)

facebook ;allows different gender categories; is a shift in society

  • use of ‘he’ in british parliament is misongicity
  • introducing of self with name and preferred pronoun to avoid mispronouniciation

social anthropology 1007 (13 decks)

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