gender and sexual identity sociologists

Question 1

parsons
traditional

Answer 1

females have expressive role based on childbearing role and males have instrumental role based on physical strength .
these are reinforced by socialization and are functional for the family and society.

Question 2

oakley
traditional

Answer 2

feminist who argues gender role
socialization takes place in 4 main ways:
manipulation, canalisation, verbal
appellations, domestic activities. This is key
to developing gender identity

Question 3

mcrobbie
traditional

Answer 3

bedroom culture where girls have a bsf and hide from society in their bedroom as it’s a safe space. This is why they weren’t involved in subculture research bc they formed their own subcultures

Question 4

nakuamura
traditional

Answer 4

although women are stereotyped in the media, digital communication and the internet are being used as a forum of support when they face
inequality and discrimination

Question 5

billington
traditional

Answer 5

media presents masculinity as dominant and femininity as subordinate

Question 6

ferguson
traditional

Answer 6

Content analysis on womens magazines and concluded they are based on a cult of femininity which promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, family, mariage

Question 7

mitsos and browne
traditional

Answer 7

A reason for boys doing less well in education than girls is that teachers tended to be less strict with boys allowing them to underachieve and more likely to be labeled as disruptive making them more likely to form an anti learning culture.

Question 8

willis
traditional

Answer 8

Boys are told off less so more likely to form anti school subculture and allowing them to underachieve bc teachers wouldn’t push them to their potential

Question 9

skelton
traditional

Answer 9

Hidden curriculum is responsible for perpetuating gender differences: stereotypes for subjects, teachers encouragement and genders of teachers

Question 10

kelly
traditional

Answer 10

2 reasons why science is seen as more masculine: science packaged as a boys subjects and boys dominating classrooms

Question 11

colley
traditional

Answer 11

School subjects affected by: perpetuation of gender roles, subject preferences, learning achievements

Question 12

mac an ghail
traditional

Answer 12

w/c boys used their ability to perform manual labor to shape masculine identities. Lack of effort led to few qualifications for white collar jobs

Question 13

adkins
traditional

Answer 13

Feminist who argued the labor market has vertical and horizontal segregation

Question 14

connell
changing

Answer 14

Different forms of masculinity: hegemonic, complicit, subordinate, marginalized

Question 15

mort
changing

Answer 15

Rise in men’s consumption levels of fashion and beauty products

Question 16

nixon
changing

Answer 16

Levis advert for the first time men sexualised in the media to look desirable, cool and acceptable to take care of themselves.

Question 17

jackson
changing

Answer 17

Ladettes portrayed as scapegoats and blamed for problems in media, in school labeled as disruptive and told off more than lads

Question 18

sharpe
changing

Answer 18

Priority of girls life events changed from marriage priority in 1960 to work priority in 1990s

Question 19

mccormack
changing sexual

Answer 19

Homophobic attitudes do not remain in sixth form for all kids as they believed in equality, this was enforced by education policies such as every child matters agenda.

Question 20

mac an ghail
trad sexual

Answer 20

Young men try to suppress homosexuality as a response to homophobia, by fighting to prove masculinity, having exaggerated homophobic and ultra masculine views, and the 3 fs (football,fighting,fucking)

Question 21

mcintosh
trad sexual

Answer 21

The role of homosexual male includes effeminate mannerisms and once a male has accepted this label he will start to fulfill these expectations and create this behavior

Question 22

rich
trad sexual

Answer 22

Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society through institutions such as marriage. She uses compulsory heterosexuality as an explanation for women being socialized into the subordinate role, ensuring their availability to men.

Question 23

weeks
changing sexual

Answer 23

Sexual identity is an issue but not for heterosexuals as it is not a big part of their identity.

Question 24

plummer
changing sexual

Answer 24

Sees homosexuality as a process and discusses the homosexual career where a male accepting the homosexual label will join a subculture where stereotypical homosexual characteristics are the norm.