ethnic+national identities sociologists Flashcards
cashmore and troyna
traditional
Immigrants ‘turned inwards’ because of discrimination and created their own communities with people from the same ethnic backgrounds, they also experienced cultural resistance
hebdige
traditional
UK young jamaicans adopted rastafarianism as a subculture by wearing dreadlocks, the colors red, green and gold and smoking cannabis
ghuman
traditional
Asian children tend to be socialized into the extended family with the emphasis on duty,loyalty, honor and religious commitment
anwar
traditional
The family can be a source of conflict for some asian children as there can be arguments based on mixed culture learnt at school. This could create a cultural clash. 3 issues affecting pakistani parent and child relationships are: questions of freedom, western clothes and arranged marriage
butler
traditional
2nd gen muslims experience tensions between british and asian culture which can influence their attitudes towards their religion. The family puts pressure on the control of women as the future is believed to rely on them. These girls blamed their asian identity for the focus on traditional values being based on grandparents.
watson
traditional
says a generational gap is emerging between muslims in uk as 2nd generation hold ideas from western culture that their parents dont understand
driver and ballard
traditional
Indian families place a great value on their children’s education. They push their children to have high ambitions and good grades.
archer and francis
traditional
Cultural factors are important in explaining the success of British Chinese students. Parents invest more time and money in pushing their children, and criticize british parents who allow ‘failure’ to develop
coard
traditional
Argues that the curriculum is based around one particular cultural viewpoint while ignoring others. White history and literature dominate the curriculum. Therefore he suggests the British national curriculum is ethnocentric.
gillborn
traditional
Argues that teachers are institutionally racist towards black boys. They are negatively stereotyped and labeled as a threat and disruptive. This results in them being placed in lower sets and so not entered for higher tier gcse papers leading to self fulfilling prophecy.
alexander
traditional
She says asian youths in south east london have been unfairly targeted by police and media by its creation of the ‘myth of the asian gang’ with reported exaggerated violent clashes between black and asian gangs. This lead to asian boys being criminalized as a result of islamophobia
hall
traditional
Coined the term ‘the white eye’ to state that traditional films only portray black people as either slaves, natives or entertainers. This shows the representation we see is based on inaccurate white directors and is not a true reflection.
moghissi
traditional
Muslims in the media are ‘huddled together’ since 9/11 a moral panic has been created surrounding islam. Women are presented as victims of honor killings and muslim males are often negatively stereotyped as terrorists
sewell
traditional
Media influences the identities of young black males by providing role models of rappers who promote hyper masculinity. Status is given to those who display this masculinity in their cultural comfort zones found in peer groups with those from the same backgrounds. They believe teachers, employers and police are racist so don’t try to achieve in education.
back
changing
Studied 2 council estates and noted that black,white and asian youths all shared friendships, fashion, music and spoke the same slang. This is evidence of new hybrid identities where all youths shared the same culture rather than separate ones as cultural masks and cultural borrowing was taking place.
gill
changing
Carried out a survey of british asian students and identified a large number of them as ‘blasian’ where they adopted black styles of dress and language into their asian culture. This is further evidence of hybrid ethnic identities.
burdsey
changing
Studied 2nd and 3rd gen british asian footballers and found they adopted an asian identity with their parents but a white identity with their white peers. He refers to this as code switching and suggests these asians wear a ‘white mask’ when with their peers.
nayak
changing
Nayak refers to young white working class males who adopt the styles and language of black culture as ‘white wannabes’
phillips
national
Argues the national curriculum supports the ideology of nationalism, and that history lessons are a key factor in creating national identity. The teaching of of national events through these lessons creates a shared national conscious and collective identity where people feel connected to a history which they were not a part of
schuden
national
Points out that all British people are socialized into their common national culture and identity through various means. E.g common lang,education,national rituals, symbols, the mass media,the mass production of fashion and taste.
kumar
national
Discusses the fact that unlike the Scots,Welsh and Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are, and that English national identity is elusive. He argues that the long history of the English as an imperial people has developed a sense of ‘missionary nationalism’, which has necessitated the repression of ordinary expressions of nationalism. So he argues that the quest to expand Britishness may have diluted englishness.
cashmore and troyna
national
However, in recent times, in the face of devolution,economic crises and inc immigration, English national identity has strengthened. Similar to ethnicity, identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is perceived as a source of conflict or oppression.
hewitt
national
Britain has seen a ‘white backlash’ from the white working classes against what they perceive to be preferential treatment of ethnic minorities. This has encouraged a new form of white british nationalism. This backlash is apparent in the education system as young white people expressed the view that they felt victimized by teachers in comparison to their peers who were from ethnic minorities.
hall
national
Suggests countries may display 3 diff reactions to globalization:
Cultural homogenisation- accept a global culture
Cultural hybridity- take in some parts of global culture and develop a new but still individual culture
Cultural resistance- resist global culture and protect their cultural heritage becoming more traditional and nationalistic
FAIRWEATHER AND ROGERSON -
national
Argue that cultural homogenisation is occurring due to:
-Computer software not being localized
-advertising by the west is broadcast on a global scale presenting ideas on what is ‘desirable’
-antisocial behavior on the internet can reflect western ideas about morality and deviance
-digital communication does not give rules or police morality and ethics that can occur in local cultures
