evidence of social inequalities Flashcards
working class disadvantage in workplace
inequality briefing
the richest 20% of the population owns 60% of the nations wealth, showing huge extremes between the rich and the poor
working class disadvantage in workplace
mac and ghaill
deindustrialisation has led to a crisis of masculinity amongst working class males (macho lads) leading to them facing unemployment
working class disadvantage in workplace
willis
working class males see their futures as working in basic manual labour jobs like their fathers therefore they do not aspire for more meaning that had limited job opportunities with no qualifications
working class disadvantage in education
bourdieu
education system is biased towards the culture of the dominant classes through the hidden curriculum, the main function of education is social reproduction and education discriminates against the working class because they lack the cultural capital to succeed.
working class disadvantage in education
jackson
working class ladettes are generally working class and adopt anti school attitudes and an assertive femininity. as a result they are negatively labelled by teachers
working class disadvantage in education
the department for education
those eligible for free school meals only 34.4% of students have an average grade of above a 5
those not eligible had an average of 48.3%
working class disadvantage in media
price
concept of ‘poverty porn’ in programmes such as benefit street that lead to the underclass being exploited to shock and entertain audiences and be condemned by upper and middle classes
working class disadvantage in media
jones
the use of the word chav as a way of working class culture and ‘chavtainment’ ro describe shows portraying a negative view of the working class from the ‘salt of the earth’ to the ‘scum of the earth’
working class disadvantage in media
milliband
the media is the new ‘opium of the people’ that distracts us from issues faced in a capitalist society as a way of controlling us from inevitable inequalities
working class disadvantage in crime
walmsley et al
41% of prisoners are from the lowest social classes but only 19% from the overall population
working class disadvantage in crime
coles
if you are poor you are more likely to commit crime
working class disadvantage in crime
harding
the ‘street casino’ metaphor refers to playing a risky game within gangs by trying to gain street capital by using guns, and disrespecting members of gangs. people are staying in gangs longer and becoming more embedded
female disadvantage in the workplace
adkins
evidence of horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace
female disadvantage in workplace
laura bates
everyday sexism project showed that only 18 out of 108 high court judges are female and in the uk parliament there is only 1 woman for every 4 men
female disadvantage in workplace
the financial times
the gender pay gap suggests if a man and women work the same level job for a year a women would work for free from novemeber 30th
female disadvantage inerucation
skelton
the hidden curriculum negatively influences subject choiced
female disadvantage in education
kelly
science is packaged as a boys subject
female disadvantage in education
colley
subject choices are negatively influenced by
-perception of gender roles
-subject preferences
-learning environment
female disadvantage in media
ferguson
content analysis showed cult of femininity which promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, marriage and appearance
female disadvantage in media
tuchman
the narrow range of roles for women lead to their symbolic annihilation in the media where they are not socially valued
female disadvantage in media
mulvey
the male gaze is used in films to present women through the eyes of a heterosexual male and presented as passive objects of male desire
female disadvantage in crime
harding
studies girls in gangs in south london and found that they took the role of “fixers” and were used to hide weapons and drugs. they were also subjected to sexual abuse and harassment from male members
female disadvantage in crime
laura bates
everyday sexism project shows that over 2 women a week in the uk are killed by a current or former partner
female disadvantage in crime
leonard
judges label females as “doubly deviant” and judge them for breaking laws as well as gender roles meaning they should be punished more harshly
male disadvantage in workplace
dermott
argues men work longer hours than women regardless of their status as fathers
male disadvantage in workplace
farrell
the “glass cellar”
24/25 of the lowest ranked professions are 85-100% male dominated
male disadvantage in workplace
benetar
his book “the second sexism” stated that the least desirable and most dangerous jobs with the least pay and security remain largely in the domain of men
male disadvantage in education
willis
lads are fatalistic about their future due to following fathers footsteps leading them into low paid and status manual labour jobs. this means they developed anti school attitudes and didn’t value achievements in school
male disadvantage in education
mitsos and browne
teachers are too lenient on laddish behaviour of boys and that this can do them a disservice leading to their lack of achievement. whereas they are hard on girls as they are seen to be doubly deviant- ensuring they achieve
male disadvantage in eduction
department for education
females outperform males in the 4/C boundary (71.9% VS 62.9%)
meaning they underachieve so stay in low paying jobs
male disadvanatge in the media
sewell
caribbean boys turned to rapper role models in media due to lack of father figure
these hyper masculine negative role models led these boys in deviant anti school subcultures
male disadvantage in the media
easthorpe
hollow wood films and computer games transmit the view that masculinity based on strength, aggression, competition and violence is biologically determined and a natural goal for boys to achieve
male disadvantage in the media
REACH media monitoring project
coverage of black young males in the news often links them with violent crime and can therefore provide negative role models and stereotyping
male disadvantage in crime
messerschmidt
argues that the gang acts as a location for ‘doing masculinity’ which has to be ‘accomplished’ and proved
male disadvantage in crime
campbell
the state has unleashed extreme masculinity by denying real acces to legitimate status through academic success, so anti-social behaviour has become key means for young men to express masculinity
male disadvantage in relation to crime
faludi
young males committing criminal behaviour is not deviant but the expression of bravery and strength. however this can not be seen as an ‘excuse’ for criminality, as hegemonic masculinity ignores other masculinities that exist
male disadvantage in relation to crime
faludi
young males committing criminal behaviour is not deviant but the expression of bravery and strength. however this can not be seen as an ‘excuse’ for criminality, as hegemonic masculinity ignores other masculinities that exist
ethnic minority disadvantage in workplace/income
gov.uk
pakistani and bangladeshi had the lowest employment rate at 55%
white other had the highest at 81%
ethnic minority disadvantage in income
wood et al
people with names associated with ethnic minority backgrounds would have to make 16 applications before a positive response compared to 9 applications for ‘white sounding’ applicants
ethnic disadvantage in workplace/income
parkin
ethnic minorities are a negatively privileged status group. ethnic majorities use social closure to prevent ethnic minorities from reaching top positions, and they face concrete ceilings as a result
ethnic disadvantage in education
DfE statistics
GCSE results with an “average attainment 8 score”:
chinese-64.2%
white british-46.1%
black caribbean-39.6%
ethnic disadvantage in education
mirza
found that black carribbean girls faced institutional racism and negative labelling from teachers. they resisted this and achieved well despite these negative attitudes, not because of them.
ethnic minority disadvantage in education
gillborn
black caribbean boys face institutional racism at school as they are entered for lower tier exams, narrowing their future opportunities
ethnic minority disadvantage in the media
alexander
asians youths were unfairly targeted by police and media. the “myth” of the asian gang was created when violent cradhes were reported between black and asian gangs which led to criminalisation of asian boys due to islamophobia
ethnic minority disadvantage in media
Van Dijk
5 stereotypes the media presents of black people: criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependent
This included presenting cultural practises as abnormal and using blanket terminology such as ‘asian culture’
ethnic disadvantage in media
children now- fair play
ethnic minorities are stereotyped in video games
86% of heroes are white
8/10 competitions in sports games were black
latinos only appeared in sports games
ethnic disadvantage in crime
the lammy report
over 40% of young people in custody are from BAME backgrounds
BAME men and women made up 25% of prisoners in 2006 and 41% in 2016
ethnic disadvantage in crime
hood
black men were more likely to receive custodial sentences for offences including fines or community service as punishments- evidence of ‘institutional racism’
ethnic disadvantage in crime
social trends survey
black people are almost 7X more likely to be stopped and searched than white people
youth disadvantage in workplace
ritzer
young people are often on zero hour contracts and in ‘McJobs’ (under stimulating, low wage, few benefits)
youth disadvantage in workplace
BBC three
under 25s are treated more harshly by benefits system with less support, even though they are more likely to be renting while renters have not had as much support as people with mortgages
youth disadvantage in workplace
The equality trust
young people have been in a bad situation for the past decade with increasing rental, housing and accommodation costs
youth disadvantage in health
youngpeopleshealth.org.uk
statistics found that rates for self harm hospital admissions have risen, referrals to specialist child mental health services increased by 64% between 2012-15
youth disadvantage in health
the guardian
young people have to care for their parents unpaid and are relied on by the healthcare system by improving their support
youth disadvantage in media
cohen
labelling of youths in media as folk devils leads to a self fulfilling prophecy
mods+ rockers
youth disadvantage in media
griffin
youths are labelled by media in 3 ways:
deviant, dysfunctional, suffering a deficit
these create negative treatment by public and a self fulfilling prophecy
youth disadvantage in media
women in journalism
study on ‘hoodies or altar boys’ and found
1. negative language to describe them
2.more stories about teens with crime than any other topic
3. few stories showed teen boys in a good light
4. 85% of teen boys said TV portrayed them more fairly than newspapers
5. teenagers were weary of other teens
youth disadvantage in crime
jacobson
children in custody in complex backgrounds:
3/4 have absent fathers
half had to live in a deprived home
half had run away
others were from care homes
youth disadvantage in crime
harding
working class youths in london turn to crime for income due to deprivation ‘street casino’ is a term as they turn to crime and gamble their lives. ‘street capital’ is gained through committing deviant activities
elderley disadvantage in workplace
johnson
ageism occurs in the workplace as there are stereotypical assumptions about a persons competency to do a job in relation to their age, older people find it harder to get a job and face stereotypes in the workplace
elderley disadvantage in the workplace
the national pensioners convention
1 in 5 older people live below the poverty line, the majority of these are females living alone
elderly disadvantage in workplaces
barron and norris
the elderly are more likely to be found in the secondary labour market which is defined by low pay, low status, a lack of chance of promotion and few fringe benefits
elderly disadvantaged in health
greengross
the NHS is guilty of institutional ageism by being treated differently by being denied clinical treatments and often anything offered will be ‘end of life’ care compared to young people’s clear ‘care plans’
elderly disadvantage in health
the royal college of surgeons and age uk
in some areas of the uk no one over the age of 75 is being offered crucial sugeries for cancer or knee and hip replacements -despite legislation making this illegal in 2012
elderly disadvantaged in health
human rights watch
elderly people were denied crucial services, and assessors appeared to not understand their care needs in healthcare systems. there was a 40% increase in social care complaints
elderly disadvantaged in health
human rights watch
elderly people were denied crucial services, and assessors appeared to not understand their care needs in healthcare systems. there was a 40% increase in social care complaints
elderly disadvantage in media
landis
stereotypes of representations of older people as ‘one dimensional’:
grumpy old man, feisty old women, sickly old person
elderly disadvantage in media
cardigan and szmigin
older people are ignored in media advertising and when they are included they are stereotyped and presented as a caricature of an elderly person- smelly and incontinent and in need of support
elderly disadvantage in media
digital generation gap
causes problems for employment as older people may be less comfortable using technology than youths who have grown up with it. also feel unable to cope with changes and a lack of understanding of popular conversations and activities which they may be unable to access in social media
elderly disadvantage in crime
financial times
the number of over 60s in jail topped 4000 for the first time in the record. the number of inmates with dementia has risen while cases of diabetes and hypertension have also soared. the prison system is not designed to facilitate the elderly
elderly disadvantage in crime
age UK
of those targeted by fraud scams, the financial loss for older victims was likely to be nearly twice as much per scam as that for younger age groups
