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Psychology A level > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sex of a person?

A

the biological status of being male or female determined by chromosomes at conception

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2
Q

What is gender?

A

the psychological, social and cultural status of being masculine or feminine including attitudes, behaviours and social roles associated with being male or female

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3
Q

Why might someones gender not match their sex?

A

chromosomal or hormonal issues = determining sex at birth is difficult
gender develops in an atypical way leading to gender dysphoria

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4
Q

What are the differences between sex and gender?

A
  • sex is biological, gender is psych and socially developed
  • sex is male or female, gender is masc or fem
  • chromosomes vs attitudes and characteristics
  • nature vs nurture
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5
Q

What are sex role stereotypes?

A

overgeneralised and oversimplified beliefs that are applied to all members of one sex = particular characteristics are said to be typical of male or females

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6
Q

What is an issue with sex role stereotypes for people?

A

people tend to fufill expectations so it may restrict individuals from acheiving their potential
those who counter = experience discrimination and predujice

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7
Q

How can sex role stereotypes lead to predujice?

A

prevent us from seeing the true qualities of some people = we assume they have certain characteristics based on their sex
we can make mistakes using stereotypes to judge others

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8
Q

What study disproved sex role stereotypes?

A

Maccoby and Jacklin

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9
Q

What did Maccoby and Jacklin find to disprove sex role stereotypes?

A

there is little evidence to support gender differences
may be based on assumptions
gender differences were only found in verbal and spatial ability, mathematical reasoning and aggression

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10
Q

What is an issue with Maccoby and Jacklin’s review of sex role stereotype research?

A

the review showed publication bias = they excluded research that didnt find gender differences- exaggeration of differences

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11
Q

What 2 studies support sex role stereotypes?

A

Ingalhalikar
Smith and lloyd

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12
Q

What did Ingalhalikar find to support sex role stereotypes using MRI?

A

there were better connections in women’s brains between hemispheres
mens brains = more activity in individual parts especially the cerebellum = motor skills
supports women are better at multi-tasking
shows a bio differences

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13
Q

What was smith and lloyds study supporting sex role stereotypes using babies?

A

mothers were given a 6 month old baby to play with (same baby in both conds)
either:
1. baby called Adam and dressed in blue
2. baby called beth and dressed in pink
Boy baby = offered active toys and play like a squeaky hammer
girl baby = more likely to cradle

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14
Q

What does smith and lloyd’s study suggest about sex role stereotypes and babies?

A

the actual sex of the baby had no effect on the mother
girls and boys are treated differently right from babyhood
differences between males and females may form due to experience and not innate gender differences

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15
Q

What are some issues with Smith and Lloyds study supporting sex role stereotypes?

A

ethics = harm to babies - learn behaviours, harm to mother = fear of judgement
observations = social desirability and demand characteristics of mothers

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16
Q

What is androgyny?

A

an EQUAL mix of gender role characteristics - people show a combination of feminine and masc qualities

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17
Q

Why did Sandra Bem state being androgynous is advantageous?

A

they have a wider range of behaviours for different situations to be more flexible = can adapt and understand others
you are more psychologically healthy

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18
Q

What does Bem’s Sex Role (BSRI) Inventory do?

A

measures androgyny

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19
Q

How was the BSRI made?

A

a questionaire with 60 characteristics from American students
- 20 were feminine rated qualities
- 20 were masculine rated qualities
- 20 were neutral rated qualities

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20
Q

How was the BSRI carried out to measure androgyny?

A

ps completed the questionaire by rating 1-7 on how true the characteristics were for themselves
low score on both (masc+fem) = undifferentiated
high score on both = androgynous
high on either (masc or fem) = masc or fem

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21
Q

What study supports the BSRI?

A

Prakash et al

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22
Q

What was Parkash et al study supporting the BSRI using indian women?

A

found a positive correlation between androgyny and mental health in indian women
those with higher masc score had less depression
supports bems idea that is psychologically healthy to be androgynous

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23
Q

What is an issue with Prakash’s research that supports the BSRI?

A

masc traits are highly values in the indian culture - may not apply to men who score high on fems (androgynous)
flawed research - women could of gave social desirable ans

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24
Q

How is Prakash’s research and Bem’s research gender biased?

A

beta bias = androgyny is psychologically healthy for females but not males
this should be recognised in Bems theory but its not

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25
Q

How does Bem’s BSRI lack temporal validity?

A

the ideas of desirable masc and fam traits are relevant to 1970s social ideas but not todays

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26
Q

What was Hoffman and Borders study proving that the BSRI traits have poor temporal validity?

A

400 students rated items on the BSRI as masc or fem
the only items they rated as masc or fem were the words themselves

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27
Q

What are the issues with the BSRI relying on self-report?

A

deman characteristics
social desirability
cannot be make objective opinions of yourself
may lack validity

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28
Q

What prac app does Bems BSRI have?

A

if it is advantageous to be androgynous = parents should try to raise children to choose their own gender
useful research
however in reality this is difficult to do

29
Q

What proves that the BSRI is reliable for measuring androgyny?

A

it has high test re-test reliability

30
Q

How does the gene on the 23rd chromosomes lead to producing the sex of a baby?

A

the gene causes the release of hormones

31
Q

How does the Y chromosome lead to a baby being a male?

A

causes the production of androgens - testosterone

32
Q

What is the role of testosterone in sex?

A

development of testes and penis

33
Q

Whatis the role of testosterone in gender?

A

it is released at higher quantiies at pubity which causes secondary sexual characteristics = facial hair and deepening voice
aggression

34
Q

What is the role of hormones prenatally?

A

they determine the development of genitals

35
Q

What is the role of hormones at puberty?

A

tiggers the development of secondary sexual characteristics

36
Q

What will happen to a male who is insesitive to testosterone?

A

they will be less aggressive
develop less facial hair
higher pitched voice

37
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in sex?

A

causes breast growth and the menstrual cycle

38
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in gender?

A

higher emotional response

39
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in sex?

A

stimulates lactation for breast feeding and orgasm

40
Q

What is oxytocin known as?

A

the love hormone

41
Q

What produces oxytocin?

A

the pituary gland

42
Q

What produces oxytocin?

A

the pituitary gland

43
Q

What is the role of oxytocin in gender?

A

promotes a tend and befriend response in women
makes people less anxious by reducing cortisol

44
Q

Why do women have more oxytocin?

A

testosterone dimishses its effects but oestrogen increases its effects

45
Q

What is Van Goozen et al study on transgender people and hormones?

A

injected the hormones of the sex they were transitioning to
transgender women (male to female) = decrease in aggression and visuospatial skills
transgender men (female to male) = showed the opposite
sex hormones influence gender-related behaviour

46
Q

What is the case of David Reimer?

A

Born a boy called bruce - circumcision went wrong resulting in the loss of his penis
had surgery and hormone treatment to that of a girls and was raised as a girl - brenda
then reverted back to being a male - then committed suicide
shows role of bio may be stronger than up-bringing in gender development = nature support

47
Q

What is the Batista family case?

A

4 children born with external female genitalia and rasied as girls
at puberty = surge in testosterone caused their male genitalia to appear externally = acually genetically XY
faulty gene at birth caused testosterone insesitivity
they accepted their male role without difficulty

48
Q

What can be said about the batista girls accepting being males with ease?

A

the culture you belong to can influence how you feel and freedom to be what you want
this is a common condition in the dominican republic

49
Q

What was Eisenegger at al study on testosterone in a bargaining game?

A

women who had been FALSELY told they had recieved testosterone behaved more unfairly in a bargaining game
shows the effect of expectations so there is not a simple relationship b/w hormones and behaviour

50
Q

What does Eisenegger’s study suggest abotu Van goozens findings on transgender ps?

A

findings may be due to expectations and desire to change rather than the direct effect of hormones

51
Q

What did Tricker find disproving the role of testosterone in gender-related behaviour?

A

gave 43 males a weekly injection of testosterone or a placebo
no sig differences in aggression were found after 10 weeks
hormones are not influential in gender related behaviours

52
Q

What are the 2 atypical sex chromosome patterns?

A

Klinefelters syndrome and Turners syndrome

53
Q

How are atypical sex chromosome patters developed?

A

they occur randomly during the fusion of the egg and sperm cells - not inherited genetically

54
Q

What sex does Klinefelters affect?

A

males

55
Q

What sex does Turners affect?

A

females

56
Q

What is Klinefelters syndrome?

A

male with an extra X chromosome = XXY
increased levels of oestrogen and decreased levels of testosterone

57
Q

What are the physical characteristics of Klinefelters?

A

reduced body hair
underdeveloped genitals
rounded body
long limbs
gynecosmastia - breast development

58
Q

What are the psychological characteristics of Klinefelters?

A

poor reading ability
poor language skills
doesnt respond well to stress
poor memory and problem-solving skills

59
Q

What is Turners syndrome?

A

females that only have 1 X chromosome
not enough oestrogen being produced

60
Q

What are the physical characteristics of turners syndrome?

A

ovaries fail to develop = no menstrual cycle and infertile
webbed neck
appearance of a pre-pubescent girl
does not develop breasts
low hip to waist ratio

61
Q

What are the psychological characteristics of turners syndrome?

A

higher reading ability
poor spatial awareness
socially immature
poor memory and maths skills
struggle to maintain social relationships

62
Q

How many males does Klinefelters affect?

A

1 in 600

63
Q

How many does Turners syndrome affect?

A

1 in 2000

64
Q

How does research on atypical chromosome patterns support nature debate?

A

compare atypical people with typical people chromosomes
possible to see the psych and behavioural differeneces
therefore the diff have a biological basis and are the direct result of abnormal chromosome structure
innate influences have a powerful effect on psychology and behaviour

65
Q

How does research on atypical chromosome patterns ignore the nurture debate?

A

the chromosome abnormalities and the differences in behaviours are not causal
environ and social influences could be more responsible for behavioural differences
Turners = look younger so they may be treated as immature by their peers = encourages immaturity

66
Q

What is Herlihy research on identifying atypical chromosome patterns and its prac apps?

A

87 males with Klinefelters = those who had been identified and treated from a young age had significant benefits compared to those diagnosed in adulthood
increased awareness is useful
continued research is likely to lead to earlier and more accurate diagnoses

67
Q

How can research on atypical chromosome patters ignore individual differences?

A

everyone with the syndromes developes the same associated chromosomes
Mosaic syndromes
diagnosing or researching = researchers must consider that there are individual diffs and variations of the conds
not everyone experiences the same characteristics

68
Q

What is mosaic Klinefelters?

A

the additional X chromosome only appears in some of their cells rather than all of them - reducing the severity of symptoms

69
Q

What is mosaic Turners?

A

X chromosome is only missing from some body cells rather than all of them

Psychology A level (11 decks)

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