Aggression Flashcards
What is proactive aggresion?
a planned method of getting what you want
What is reactive aggression?
angry, impulsive behaviour that is often accompanied with physiological arousal
What does the limbic system do?
controls a range of emotional behaviours including aggression
What structure of the limbic system is associated with aggression?
the amygdala
What is the role of the amygdala?
responsible for quickly evaluating the emotional importance of sensory info and prompting appropriate repsonses including aggression
What are the links with aggression and the amygdala?
tumour, damage or atypical development makes aggressive behaviour more likely
What did Pardini et al find supporting the amygdala in aggression?
smaller amygdala = higher levels of aggression and violence
What did Ervin et al find on the amygdala in aggression?
electrical stimulation of a patient’s amygdala lead to facial grimicing and anger
What is the issue with Ervin’s patient study on the amygdala?
it was an atypical patient with epilepsy = cannot generalise
What was kluver and Bucy’s study on the amygdala in aggression?
destroying the amygdala in aggressive monkeys = less aggressive behaviour
tells us little about human aggression
What other structure of the brain is responsible for aggression?
the orbitofrontal cortex - OFC
What is the role of the OFC?
regulates the emotional responses driven by the amygdala
What can damage to the OFC lead to?
impulsivity and loss of control
What was Coccaro et al’s study for the role of the OFC in aggression?
patients with psych disorders that feature aggression = activity in the OFC was reduced
What was Raine et al’s study for the role of the OFC in aggression?
brain activity in 41 murderers using PET scans = atypical functioning of the OFC and amygdala
What are the 2 neural explainations of aggression?
serotonin
limbic system
What is serotonin?
neurotransmitter involved in the communication of impulses between neurons
What effect does serotonin have on the amygdala?
inhibits the firing of the amydala
What levels of serotonin are associated with aggression, impulsivity and loss of control?
low levels
What was found on the waste product of serotonin in aggression?
levels of waste product from serotonin from violent impulsive offenders were significantly lower and they also suffered from sleep irregularities
What did Raleigh find on the influence of tryptophan diets in monkeys?
Tryptophan increases serotonin levels = monkeys with a diet with high tryptophan were less aggressive
What is the prac application to manipulating tryptophan in diets?
can raise serotonin levels in highly aggressive prisoners and unpredictable psych patients
however there are ethical issues with this
What is the issue with saying serotonin influences aggression?
complex = neural and hormonal also involved
high levels of serotonin also found to increase aggression = little significance has been found on the relationship with serotonin and aggression
What hormone influences aggression?
testosterone
What is testosterone?
an androgen (male sex hormone) secreted by the testes
little sectreted by the ovaries
What is the link between aggression and testosterone?
higher levels of aggression = higher levels of testosterone
Between what ages do males produce the most testosterone?
15-25 = the group most likely to commit violent crimes
What did Wagner do to mice to study testosterone’s affect on aggression?
castrated male mice = aggression reduced
injected testosterone = aggression increased
castration has been used for domestic animal and farm animals
What was Dabbs study on testosterone in male prisoners?
measured testosterone in the salia of 692 adult male prisoners
higher levels in more violent offenders = committed unprovoked acts of violence
What was Carre’s dual-hormone hypothesis?
high levels of testosterone lead to aggressive behaviour only when cortisol levels are low
What happens when cortisol levels are high?
testosterone’s influence on aggression is blocked
What type of behaviours does testosterone increase?
status-seeking behaviours = aggression is 1 of them
What is the genetic theory of aggression?
genes are the cause of aagressive behaviour and it can be passed on from 1 generation to the next
What gene is found to have an influence on aggression?
the MAOA gene
What is the role of the MAOA GENE?
responsible for regulating the enzyme MAOA
What is the role of the MAOA enzyme?
breaks down neurotransmitters serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, removing excess amounts and allowing neurons to communicate more effectively
How does the MAOA gene cause aggression?
if there is a dsfynction in the MAOA gene, the enzyme doesn’t regulate the levels of serotonin properly = aggressive behaviour
What are the 2 forms of the MAOA gene?
L variant = low activity
H variant = high activity
Which form of the MAOA gene is likely to lead to aggression?
L varient
What did Brunner find on a Dutch family in terms of the MAOA gene?
the male family members had been particularly aggressive over many generations
there was a rare mutated version o the MAOA gene in the family
researchers discovered the 2 forms of the gene
What was McDermott’s study involving hot sauce and the MAOA gene?
the MAOA-L gene was more likely to force someone to eat hot chilli sauce despite having to pay than someone with the MAOA-H gene
What was Caspi’s study on anti-social behaviour in male kids and the MAOA gene?
500 male children
looked at their anti-social behaviour when they grew up
L variant support in aggression BUT only if they had been maltreated as children = the right environment causes aggression, genetics simply predispose
an interactionist app should be taken
What was Lagerspetz selective breeding study and the MAOA gene?
lab based selective breeding
isolate a group of mice
interbred the aggressive mice so that after 19 generations, the rates of aggression were x10 higher
What other findings did Lagerspetz find on aggressive mice?
the aggressive mice had heavier testes and forebrains
altered levels of serotonin and noradrenaline
genes influence both structural and functional aspects of an animal’s biology
What was Coccaro’s study on twins and the MAOA gene?
used a questionaire to measure hostility in male ps
concordance rates:
MZ = 50%
DZ = 19%
genetic factors play a part but the environment is important too
What is the evolutionary explaination of aggression?
suggests that present day behaviours come from our remote human ancestors because they were adapting and these behaviours proposed an advantage for surviving, reproducing and passing on their genes
What are the 2 ways that aggression can be seen as evolutionary?
sexual competition
sexual jealousy
What is sexual competition?
competing with other males to win access to females - aggression was needed to eliminate competition
What is sexual jealousy?
males feared losing their mate to another male so they need to find and retain their mates is the root of majority of male aggressive behaviour
What has sexual jealousy led to in terms of adaptive responses?
mate-retention strategies to enhance reproductive fitness and to avoid fear of cuckoldry
What is cuckoldry?
raising offspring that isnt your own without knowing
Why does the evolutionary approach to aggression say females are less aggressive?
females are less aggressive = her survival is crucial for the survival of her offspring
What is Puts’ findings on physiological features supporting sexual competition?
mals have 75% more muscle mass than females = men have evolved as a result of fighting each other
men with the strongest bones and muscles would have been able to fight off competition easier = more likely to pass on genes
What was found on women who have been abused and sexual jealousy?
women who have been beaten by their male partners recall extreme jealousy on part of their husbands or boyfriends as the key cause of aggression
What did Daly and Wilson find on sexual jealousy and violence?
men have evolved different stategies to deter their partners from acts of infedility = guarding, spying, threats and violence
sexual jealousy was the underlying factor in 58 out of 214 murder cases
What is the practical application of research done on male tactics in sexual jealousy?
particular tactics can be early indicators of violence
can be used to alert friends and family to the danger signs that can lead o further violence
How is the evolutionary explanation of aggression gender bias?
cannot account for female violence towards a male partner
recent family conflict studies show that there are equal rates of assaults by men and women
How are gender differences in aggression accounted for by the evolutionary app?
women are more likely to engage in verbal violence than physical
verbal aggression is less risky in terms of being hurt = more likely to survive for children
How does the evolutionary app to aggression have a deterministic view?
sexual jealousy is determined by genetic factors ove which we have no control
How does the evolutionary app in aggression support nature AND nurture?
genes predispose males to sexual jealousy but other factors such as the culture, childhood experiences influences how this manifests itself
What is an issue with the evolutionary app not supporting free will?
there is a danger that lack of free will can be used to justify crimes against women
What is the role of ethologists?
they study animal behaviour in natural environments in the context of evolutionary theory
What does Lorenz suggest on aggression (ethological)?
aggression is an adaptive instinct which has evolved to aid survival for different reasons
What are 3 ways aggression aids survival of animals?
- ensures only strongest and fittest males pass on genes
- disperse members of species more widely so resources are exhasusted less quickly and disease has less impact
- maintain hierachy in socially organised animals
What are innate releasing mechanisms?
built-in structure in the brain that when triggered by environmental stimuli, causes a series of fixed action patterns
What are fixed action patterns?
sequence of pre-programmed, ritualistic behaviours carried out in a set order, triggered by an innate releasing mechanism
What is the role of fixed action patterns in animals?
deter another male away to prevent their genes from being passed on due to access to females and teritory
What did Lorenz state about fixed action patterns?
not designed to start physical fights = animals do not want to kill each other as it would cause the species to die
animals show appeasement displays
What is an appeasement display?
an action from an animal that signals to another animal that they surrender
What is Lorenz’s action specific energy?
ritualistic signals can only occur for a certain amount of time as fixed action paterns only have a certain amount of energy dedicated to them
What is Lorenz’s hydraulic model?
ritualistic signals can occur in the absence of a sign stimuli if too much action specific energy builds up
What was Tinbergen’s research involving stickleback fish and fixed action patterns?
when presented with an object that was partially red, they will attack it, regardless whether it is fish-shaped or not
animals are innately programmed to respond aggressively
How do genetic and neural explainations support the ethological approach to aggression?
genetic = aggression is innate, the MAOA gene
neural = the amygdala’s response supports innate releasing mechanism
provides ethological app more credibility and validity
How did Lehrman critisise Lorenz’s instinctual explaination of aggression?
it underestimates the role of envrionmental factors in the development of species-typical aggressive behaviour patterns
fixed action patterns are not completly innate = learning and experience interact with genetics
cannot make assumptions as variation has been seen within members of the same species
Why was Lorenz’s hydraulic model critisised?
research has shown that the performance of aggressive behaviour could provide further stimulus which actually makes further aggressive behaviour more likely instead of a reduced likelihood of aggression because of reduced energy
What did Goodall find on Chipanzees killing members of their own species?
male chipanzees worked together to kill another group of male chipanzees even when appeasement displays were shown
aggression is not always adaptive = contradicts
invalid explaination = based on lower order species like fish and birds not higher order species like chipanzees
Who developed the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Dollard
What does the FAH state causes aggression?
all aggression is the result of frutration and the greater the frustration the greater the aggressive response
What is frustration?
when you are prevented from acheiving a goal
How does frustration cause aggression?
frustration causes an arousal of an aggressive drive that leads to aggressive behaviour - acting aggressively provides a cathartic effect
What is the cathartic effect?
pleasent feelings after releasing a strong emotion - acting aggressivly leads to a reduction in aggressive behaviour
What prevents us from acting aggressively according to FAH?
fear of punishment
What factors increase frustration?
- strong motivation to acheive a goal
- closer proximity to the goal
- expectations of acheiving the goal
- if being aggressive is likely to remove a barrier to the goal
How can people learn that being aggressive is helpful to acheiving goals?
being aggressive may help them to acheive their goals by removing obstacles and if the aggression doesnt lead to punishment
What is displacement for aggression?
taking your anger out on something or someone else that is seen as a scapegoat who didnt cause the frustration
Why do people displace anger?
the source that caused frustration is not availabe
or
fear of punishment if taken out on source of frustration
What was Geen’s lab study using puzzles to support the FAH?
cause and effect established - lab
ps were deliberately frustrated by a confed while completing a jigsaw
they gave stronger shocks to the confed when he failed a task compared to the non-frustrated control group
What was Marcus-Newall et al meta-analysis on displacement supporting FAH?
valid - proves theory predictions
49 studies on displacement
ps who were more provoked were more likely to aggress an innocent person than those unprovoked
What was Priks study involving football supporters supporting the FAH?
real-world app
football supporters were more likely to throw missiles on the pitch and fight with opposition supporters when they were frustrated with the poor performance from their team
the fans good expectations were proved wrong - caused frustration
How can the FAH explain mass killings in WW1?
real world app
germans blamed jews for loss of war
widespread frustration cause manipulation by propaganda
shows aggression towards a scapegoated group
What is an issue with research on catharsis?
has little research support = more studies disprove it
What was bushman’s study disproving the catharsis effect?
unvalid
ps who repeatedly hit a punch bag became more angry, doing nothing reduced aggression
FAH - should be reduced aggression
What did Berkowitz state on frustration causing aggression?
frustration doesnt always cause aggression and aggression can occur without frustration
unpleasent experiences, one is frustration, triggers negative feelings that lead to aggression
What was Berkowitz’s revised FAH theory?
the negative affect theory = negative experiences (one being frustration) lead to negative feelings that causes aggression
What was Reifman et al’s baseball players study supporting Berkowitz’s negative affect theory?
baseball players were more aggressive when the temp was higher rather than they were frustrated
What does the SLT state how aggression occurs?
aggression is learnt through observation of role models in a social context, people imitate behaviour depending on mediational factors
What did Bandura state increases imitating aggression?
is the role model is someone we strongly identify with - same sex, same age
and if you see them being rewarded = vicarious reinforcement
self-efficacy
What reduced imitation according to bandura?
vicarious punishment = watched role model being punished for a behaviour - aggression
What is self-efficacy?
confidence in your own ability to carry out an action
How is self-efficacy developed?
if they imitate a behaviour and it was successful - more confident to repeat it
How does bandura bobo doll support SLT of aggression?
empirical support - valid
children learn through observation and imitation of models
What is the issue with Bandura’s bobo doll study?
artificial and lacks realism—-> low eco valid and non- applicable
bobo doll does not hit back like a human would - tells us little about everyday aggression
What was Gee and Leith’s hocky players study supporting SLT in aggression?
North american hockey players were more aggressive than european players
NA players exposed to aggressive role models and less likely punished for aggressive behaviour
aggressive behaviour is acquired through seeing the consequences of other peoples behaviour
How can SLT of aggression be useful for explaining aggression in different situations?
explains why someone can be aggressive in 1 situation but not another = mediational processes involved like motivation
can predict behaviours by considering consequences
How does the SLT explain cultural differences in aggression?
valid theory
aggression not valued in some cultures - punished and not observed
if children exposed to an aggressive role model- aggression is more likely
Why is any social psychological explaination of aggression not a complete explaination?
they ignore bio factors and focus on nurture
biology creates potential for aggression but expression of aggression is learned
What are the 3 social psychological explanations of aggression?
social learning theory
frustration-aggression hypothesis theory
de-individuation
What is de-individuation?
the loss of personal identity and personal responsibility characterised by a reduction in self evaluation and less concern for others
When does de-individuation occur?
in a large group
Who developed de-individuation?
Zimbardo
How does being in a large group lead to aggression?
gives people ‘a cloak of anonymity’ that diminishes any personal consequences for their actions
less concern about negative evalution from others and therefore a reduction in guilt or shame
What are the 2 factors affecting deindividuation?
anonymity - uniforms
altered consciousness due to drugs or alcohol
How do uniforms increase aggression through individuation?
its more difficult to identify an individual - anonymity
reduces inner restraints for personal and social norms = they behave in a way they wouldnt normally
How does Zimbardo’s prison experiment support deindividuation?
guards were individuated and acted aggressively towards the prisoners
What are the issues with zimbardo’s prison expt, for de-individuation?
artificial setting = low ecological valid, doesnt reflect deindividuated behaviour in real life
ps behaving to stereotypes of guards being aggressive towards prisoners
What was zimbardos study using female ps to support de-individuation?
4 female undergrads
gave another student electric shocks to aid learning
condition 1 = bulky lab coats, as a group given instructions, not introduced
condition 2 = own clothes, individually given instructions, name tags and introduced
deindividuated condition 1 have shocks x2 as long
What was Johnson and downing study on uniforms and de-individuation?
dressed ps in a mask and overalls like the KKK
or dressed as nurses
ps with masks and overalls gave higher shocks than control group
nurses gave lower shocks
other factors involved like the social roles we play as the rates should be equal if only uniform was a factor
What was Watson’s cross cultural study on de-individuation?
warriors in 23 societies changed their appearance for conflict
those who changed their appearance with war paint and tribal costumes were more aggressive = hard to distinguish people
What is the practical app of de-individuation?
more street lighting and CCTV in areas known for anti-social behaviour
people are aware they are being watched and identified = less likely to commit anti-social acts
useful theory
How does the de-individuation theory have a narrow application?
aggression occurs in situations where the perpetrators are not deindividuared = eg road rage - identified by a number plate
only applies to certain situations
What was Spivey and Prentice-Dunn findings on pro-social behaviour and deindividuation?
deindividuation can lead to pro-social behaviour when prosocial environmental cues were present like a prosocial model
not a valid theory
eg protests and religious gatherings
How is de-individuation gender biased?
deindividuation is more likely the cause of aggression in males than females
What are the 2 explainations for institutional aggression?
the importation model and the deprivation model
What is the dispositional explaination of institutional aggression?
the importation model
What is the situational explaination of institutional aggression?
the deprivation model
Who came up with the importation model?
Irwin and Cressey
What is the importation model state causes institutional aggression?
prisoners bring their own beliefs and values into prison with them = they are not ‘blank slates’ when they enter prison
aggression is a way of establishing power, status and access to resources
aggression is not the product of the environment
if there are enough individuals who value the aggression it will become the norm
What 3 studies support the importation model?
Harer and Steffensmeirer
Poole and Regoli
Mears et al
What was Harer and Steffensmeirer’s study on importation vairables like race?
58 US prisons
found black inmates had significantly higher levels of violent behaviour but lower rates of alcohol and drug-related misconduct than white inmates
these patterns parrallel racial differences in these behaviours in US society
What did Poole and Regoli find on juvenile delinquents?
for juvenile deliquents the best predictor of inmate aggression was pre-insitutional aggression
What was Mears at al study on cultural beliefs systems and inmate aggression?
the inmates ‘code of street’ outside of prison correlated to the level of violence within the prison
mostly true for inmates that lacked family support and were involved in gangs
practical apps
What are the practical applications of research on the importation model?
possible to predict which prisoners are most likely to be aggressive in prison by looking at their outside behaviour = can arrange them in prison accordingly
What are issues with the importation model?
ignores the role of the prison environment as a factor
androcentric - not valid
What doe the deprivation model say causes inmate aggression?
aggression is a product of the stressful and oppressive conditions of the institution
aggression is a way to reduce stress, (cathartic) obtain desired resources and gain control over their lives
aggression is the result of the prison environment
What did skyes find the common factors of prisons mostly lead to aggression?
loss of freedom
loss of relationships
boredem
lack of security
over-crowding
heat
noise
What 4 studies support the deprivation model?
De lisi et al
McCorkle
Steiner
Wilson
What was delisi et al study supporting deprivation model and disproves the importation model on street gangs
prisoners with prior street gang involvement were NO more likely to behave more aggressively than others in prison
prisons tend to isolate gang members from other prisoners to avoid violence
What was McCorkle’s study on deprivation factors?
looked at 371 prisons in the US and found factors such as overcrowding, lack of meaningful activity and lack of privacy significantly linfluenced inmate assaults on both other inmates and staff
What did Franklin et al find suggesting that the deprivation model is affected by individual differences?
crowded prison conditions increased aggression in younger prisoners aged 18-25 more than older ones
What was Wilson’s study on changing prison conditions to support the deprivation model?
he changed the prison conditions so that they were less overcrowded, less noisy, cooler and added windows
this eradicated assaults on inmates and staff
they should make prisons a more comfortable environment
What are the issues of the deprivation model?
importation model more valid = stronger explaination
evidence for Import and deprivation are contradictory = interactionist app should be taken
androcentric
What are media influences?
changes in behaviour that are attributed to exposure to media such as TV or computer games
What was Anderson et al (2000) lab study on media influences on aggression?
there was a short term increase of physiological arousal, hostile feelings and aggressive behaviour
measured arousal, hostility and aggressive behaviour
student ps blasted their opponents with white noise for longer after playing an aggressive game compared to a non-violent game (puzzle) and they rated themselves higher on the hostility scale
How was hostility measured in Anderson et al (2000) lab study?
self- report = ps rated themselves on a hostility scale
How was arousal measured in Anderson et at (2000) lab study?
blood presure and heart rate
What are the good things with Anderson et al (2000) lab research?
lab = c and e, confidence in results
EV are controlled = internal validity
What are the issues with Anderson et al (2000) lab study?
lacks eco valid = blasting white noise is artificial, does not involve retaliation = limits generaliability
only measures short term effect
student sample = specific, possible co-v as they could play more games than younger and older people
self-report = subjective, social desiribility bias, lacks internal valid
What was DeLisi et al correlational study on computer games effects on aggression?
227 juvenile offenders with history of aggressive behaviour
structured interviews
found a significant correlation with how often they played violent CG and how much they enjoyed them with their level of aggression
computer games is a significant risk factor for aggression
What are the good things withe DeLisi et al’s correlational study on CG and aggression?
high pop valid = 227 sample size, representative
better temporal validity than lab experiment = 2013
structure interviews = rich in detail, more comfortable
realistic forms of aggression = they had commited violent acts, externally valid
What are the issues with DeLisi et al’s correlational study on CP and aggression?
no C and E = less applicable, less control of EVs eg: upbringings and backgrounds
lacks generalisability (low pop valid) = specific sample= juvenile delinquents
social desirability bias for interviews
What was Anderson et al (2007) longitudinal study on CP influence on aggression?
x430 7-9 year olds
surveyed at 2 points of the school year by questionaire to the child, peers and teachers
children who had high exposure to violent video games were more verbally and physically aggressive and less pro-social behaviour
long-term effects of video games on aggression
What are the good things about Anderson et al (2007) long study on CP and aggression?
large sample = representative
looked at long term effects which has little research
giving questionaires to peers and teachers = improves internal validity
What are the issues about Anderson et al (2007) long study on CP and aggression?
sample = children may find it difficult to complete questionaire, specific = low pop valid,
questionaires = children may have exaggerated answers
correlational = no C and E
Co-Vs = role models, cannot control them
What is an issue with all research on computer games and aggression?
they are deterministic = ignores free will
ignores other factors like males have more testosterone and are also more likely to play violent computer games as they are targeted towards males
it assumes that all people who play video games are aggressive
How are individual differences ignored in research on computer games and aggression?
people with a more aggressive personality type may engage in a more aggressive style of game-playing
age = younger players have a more impressionable brain so their morals are not yet developed
upbringing = if aggression was promoted or not
What are the 3 explainations for media influences of aggression?
desensitisation
disinhibiton
cognitive priming
What is desensitisation?
habitually viewing agressive CP diminishes the impact of violence leading to less anxiety and physiological arousal
also leads to negative attitiudes towards violence weaken and less empathy for victims
Why does desensitisation lead to aggression (empathy explaination)?
repeated exposure to violence leaves us less sensitive to the state of victims
empathy inhibits us from acting aggressively, however, constant exposure dulls our empathetic responses and people are not inhibited from acting aggressive
What 2 studies support desensitisation?
Bushman
Carnagey et al
What was Bushmans study on desensitisation?
ps took longer to help someone injured in a fight after plaing 20 mins of a violent game compared to ps playing a non-violent game = reduction in empathy
What are the issues with Bushman’ study?
replications failed to find the same result = less valid
not direct measure of empathy
What was Carnagey et al’s study supporting desensitisation?
ps played a violent game for 20 mins
then shown a 10 min video of real life violence
ps had lower heart rate and skin conductance (sweating) compared to control who played a non-violent game
What are the issues with Carnagey et al’s study?
artificial = low eco valid as they are not in the actual situation, simply watching a video so low emotional response
What is the issue of desensitisation with individual differences?
media exposure is widepread however we are not all affected the same way and equally
must be other life experiences or genetic predispositions as there are individual differences in desensitisation experienced
Who came up with disinhibition?
Berkowitz
What is disinhibiton?
people are naturally aggressive however, the impulses to act aggressive are held in check by social and psychological inhibitions
these inhibitions are learnt through social transmission
repeated exposure = leads to new social norms where aggression is socially accepted
What is the issue with disinhibiton and individual differences?
the extent in which someone becomes involved in the media they experience will vary
may only occur in people fully engage and not those easily distracted by external stimuli
or in households with strong normas against violence
narrows the no. of people who can be affected this way = less applicable and generalisable
What study goes against disinhibition?
Goranson = boxing study
What was Goranson’s study on diinhibition?
showed ps a boxing match with 2 diff endings = death or no consequences
ps who saw no consequences were more likely to be aggressive than those who saw the death
disinhibition is more likely when no consequences are shown
What is cognitive priming?
the activation of existing aggressive thoughts and feelings
How does cognitive priming explain why children act aggressively after watching aggression on TV?
they are primed to act aggressively because a network of memories are retrived to act aggressively
frequent exposure = children store scripts for aggressive behaviour, these can be recalled in later situations if any cue from the original situation is present
What 2 studies support cognitive priming?
Anderson and Dill
Murray et al
What did Anderson and Dill find to support cognitive priming?
individuals who played violent CP had more cognitive accessible aggressive thoughts than individuals who played non-violent games
a single incident of violent game primed aggressive thoughts in ps
What was murray et al’s study supporting cognitive priming?
fMRI on children and they were shown aggressive or non-aggressive films
there was an increase in activity in the area of the brain associated with memory and emotion when watching aggressive film
memories were formed which can later react to cues
scientific
What is an issue with research on cognitive priming?
it is correlational = no C and E
agressive people could choose to watch violent media not the media causing aggression
