Gender Flashcards
What is the Oedipus Complex? When does it occur?
How is it relevent to gender development?
A boy has incestuous towards his mother in the phallic stage and are jealous of their father for this reason, causing castration anxiety. in order to overcome this, the boy identifies with and internalises his fathers morals and beliefs, developing ‘male’ gender identity
What is the Electra Complex?
When does it occur?
How is it relevent to gender development?
A girl has incestuous feelings towards her father and is jealous of her mother
penis envy - mother took away her penis
occurs in the phallic stage
girl overcomes this by identifying with and internalising mothers morals and beliefs, adopting ‘woman’ gender identity
What did Jung suggest about overcoming the electra complex?
girls substitute penis envy with desire to have children, identifying with their mother
What are the issues with Freuds explanation of Gender Development?
Lacks scientific rigor, replicability and reliability
poor inter-rater reliability
far from universal, not generalisable
BSRI: support for parental influence
How many mothers?
How long was the observation?
Sampling method?
How many gendered toys?
Findings
32 mothers
10 minutes
Time sampling
2 masc, 2 fem, 3 neutral
mothers used gender appropriate toy which matched up with what gender they believed the child to be
What is the real-world application of androgyny and the BSRI
Encourages parents to raise their children free to assume the characteristics of either gender
however there was protest - some even claiming it was child abuse
What is the Role of oestrogen?
gender development in biological females
may lead to smaller brain size
breast development + menstrual cycle
What is the role of oxytocin?
The love Hormone
Produced in the pituitary gland
contenment and calmness
women - breastfeeding
men - orgasm and wound healing
What gene on the Y chromosome causes gender development in biological males and how?
SRY gene
Produces androgen, such as testosterone which leads to development of penis and testes
What is Hypogonadism?
Wang?
A condition in biological males where not enough testosterone is produced
227 men with hypogonadism given testosterone therapy
changes in physical features to appear more ‘masculine’
Dabbs - Prison
Urine Sample of offenders in prison
Violent offenders had higher testosterone levels
What is CAH? (conjenital adrenal hypoplasia)
high levels of testosterone in female foetus
these girls are often desribed as ‘tomboys’
How many bio females are effected by turners syndrome?
What are the physical effects?
1/2000
shorter, unerdeveloped ovaries lead to lack of periods
How many bio males does kleinfelters effect?
What are the physical effects?
1/1000
Taller, less muscular coordination
often infertile
What was Marcus + Overton study to support Kohlbergs theory? - Children shown photos
children shown ‘muddled’ photos of males and females where clothes and hairstyle could be interchanged
older children - gender remained constant regardless
younger children - gender could change based on outwards appearance
Bussey + Bandura study - Kohlbergs theory
children begin to demonstrate gender appropriate behaviour before gender constancy is achieved
children as young as 4 report feeling ‘good’ about playing with the gender appropriate toy and ‘bad’ about doing the opposite
Bem: Naked babies
- Kohlbergs theory
Bem criticised the way in which gender constancy is measured
showed photos of naked babies and asked children to identify childs gender
40% of 3-5 year olds could show gender constancy, whereas according to K, this doesn’y happen until age 6
Nature-Nurture debate of Kohlbergs theory
Nature
- gender is a maturational process
- cross-cultural support
Nurture
- children search for confirmation of gender stereotypes in the constancy stage
-SLT
Why are girls generally more fluid in gendered behaviours than boys?
Male role models tend to exert more power.
Boys are more likely to be punished for gender inappropriate behaviour
Zosulu - Gender Schema
How many children?
What age did they show gender identity?
longitudinal study
82 Children
9-21 months
2x weekly report on childs language development
19 months - most children could show gender identity
Nature-Nurture debate of gender schema
schemas are learnt through experience BUT brain development is fundamental to cognitive stages
Gender Schema - Full explanation - Cultural bias
schemas influence what is seen as culturally acceptable gender behaviour so in a culture where perceptions have less rigid gender boundaries, we should see more off a crossover between gendered behaviours
What was the Notel, Unitel, Multitel study?
1970s, british columbia, surveyed 2 years later
Notel - no TV
Unitel - 1 channel
Multitel - multiple channels
what were the results of notel, unitel, multitel?
those with notel showed less rigid gender boundaries than those with multitel, suggesting the media has a significant influence on gender roles
What effect does the media have on self efficacy?
seeing a role model carry out gendered behaviours gives us the belief that we are capable of success
What were the findings of the Indian detective show with a female lead?
Girls who watched the show were more likely to see themselves working outside of the household
what were the behaviours of the Mundugumour tribe?
everybody, both male and female, was aggressive and hostile
What wee the behaviours of the Arapishe tribe?
everybody, both male and female, was gentle and responsive
what were the behaviours of the Tchambuli tribe?
women were dominant and organised village life, whereas men were passive and decorative
What evidence is there to suggest gendered behaviours are innate? (cultural similarities)
David Buss found consistent preferences in 37 countries and ALL continents
Women look for men with wealth and resources
Men look for youth and physical attractiveness
What is the difference in the BSTc in males and females?
the BSTc is typically 2x as large in males compared to females
Kruijver - Atypical Gender Development (mtf)
6 transgender females recieving Oestrogen
analysed brains post-mortem
size of BSTc correlated with that of a biological woman
Drummond - GID
age 3 - 25/25 with GID
ag 25 - 3/25 with GID
Heylens GID - twin concordance rates
MZ twins - 39%
DZ twins - 0%
atypical explanation - Freus (mtf)
extreme seperayion anxiety from mum before GI established
fantasises of fusion with mum - relieves anxiety
boy becomes mum and adopts woman GI
McClintock - Sambia New Guinea
Bio males born with female genitalia
at puberty, surge of testosterone caused them to develop ‘maleness’
accepted transition with ease
Why is androgyny thought to be advantageous?
A person can respond appropriately to many different situations in life
How was androgyny measured using the BSRI?
20 male, 20 female, 20 neutral items
ppts rated each one on a 7-point scale to how strongly they identified with each item
Results of the BSRI pilot study
Results broadly matched the ppts own sense of gender identity