Approaches Flashcards
Defence mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Displacement
ID
Operates on the plesure principle
Entirely selfish and concerned with immediate gratification
Superego
Suppresses and controls ID
Morality principle
Identifying with and internalising the moral and values of the same sex parent
Cause of a weak superego
Same-sex parent absent in phallic stage
How did Freud define the unconscious mind?
A vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality
Id principle
Pleasure principle
What part of the tripartite personality did Freud believe babies to be born with?
id - describing babies as ‘bundles of id’
Role of the id
Entirely selfish and demands immediate gratification throughout life
Parapraxes
Slips of the tongue - for example, calling a female teacher ‘mum’
When are repressed memories accessed?
Dreams and parapraxes (slips of the tongue)
Preconscious
Thoughts and memories which are not currently in our conscious mind but can be accessed if desired
When does the ego develop?
Around age 2
Ego principle
Reality principle
Role of the ego
Reduce conflict between the id and superego through the use of defence mechanisms
When does the superego develop?
Around age 5 - towards the end of the phallic stage
Superego principle
Morality principle
Role of superego
Internalised sense of right and wrong
Represents moral standards of the childs same-gender parent and punishes the ego for wrongdoing
Oral stage - age, description, consequence
0-1
Focus of pleasure is the mouth and the object of desire is the mothers breasts
Consequence - oral fixation
Anal stage - age, description, consequence
1-3
Focus of pleasure is the anus, particularly withholding and expelling faeces
Consequence - anally retentive/expulsive
Phallic stage - age, description, consequence
3-6
Genitals
Consequence - phallic personality, narcissistic, reckless
Latency stage
Earlier conflicts are repressed
Genital stage - age, description, consequence
Puberty
Sexual desires become conscious
Consequence - difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
What was psychoanalysis the first attempt at?
The first attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically, rather than physically
How did psychoanalysis work?
A range of techniques designed to access the unconscious, such as dream analysis
Helps the patient by bringing repressed emotions into their conscious mind, so that they can be dealt with
How might psychoanalysis be harmful and inappropriate for a patient with a more serious mental disorder such as schizophrenia?
Many of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as paranoia and delusional thinking, means that those with the disorder have lost their grip on reality and cannot articulate their thoughts in a way required in psychotherapy
In what time period was Freud a key force in psychology?
1st half of the 20th century
What has the psychodynamic approach been used to explain?
Origins of psychological disorders, moral development & gender identity
Drawing attention between childhood experiences and later development
What has Freus has a positive impact on?
Psychology, literature, art and explaining human behaviours
Which philosopher argued that the psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criteria of being falsifiable and is not open to empirical testing?
Karl Popper
Why is Freuds theory considered a pseudoscience?
Not falsifiable or open to empirical testing
Attempts to make nomothetic laws out of idiographic case studies
Freud - psychic determinism
Most of our behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood, and there is no such thing as an accident
even ‘slips of the tongue’ are druven by unconscious firces and have deep meaning
Humanistic psychology
an approach for understanding behaviour which emphasizes the importance of subjective experience and each person’s capacity for self-determination
Free will
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by internal biological or external forces
Self-actualisation
The desire to grow psychologically and fulfill ones full potential - becoming what you are capable of
Hierarchy of needs
A 5 level hierarchy in which basic physiological needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved
Self
The ideas and values which characterise ‘ i’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’
Congruence
The aim of Rogerian therapy, when the self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match
Conditions of worth
When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love of their children.
