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Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Schaffers stages of attachment

A
  1. Asocial
  2. Indiscrimate
  3. Specific
  4. Multiple
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2
Q

What happens in the Asocial stage of attachment?

A

behaviour is the same towards humans and objects with a slight preference towards humans

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3
Q

What happens in the Indiscriminate attachment stage?

A

Babies prefer humans to objects and show no stranger anxiety so can be comforted by anyone

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4
Q

What happens in the specific attachment stage?

A

Attachment is formed to primary caregiver, infant shows stranger and seperation anxiety

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5
Q

What happens in the multiple attachment stage?

A

29% of children developed a secondary attachment within one month of primary attachment, usually towards father

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6
Q

What are the issues with Schaffers stage of attachment?

A

Limited, simple characteristics

Problems studying asocial stage

Conflicting evidence on multiple attachment

Measuring multiple attachments

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7
Q

What are the strengths of Schaffers stages of attachment?

A

HIgh external validity

Longitudinal design

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8
Q

What was the method used for Schaffers stages of attachment?

A

60 babies
skilled working class families in Glasgow
Visited every month for the first year and again at 18 months

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9
Q

What were Schaffers findings?

A

25-32 weeks - 50% of babies showed separation anxiety towards primary caregiver

40 weeks - 80% specific attachment, 30% - multiple attachments

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10
Q

What did Lorenze theorise?

A

all organisms have a biological predisposition to form an attachment to one single object

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11
Q

What did Lorenz do?

A

Hatched Goslings either with mother or in an incubator
They proceeded to follow the first moving object they saw within 13-16 hours of hatching

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12
Q

What did Harlow emphasise?

A

The importance of contact comfort as newborn monkeys kept alone in a cage would usually die but would survive if given something like a cloth

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13
Q

What was the procedure Harlow followed?
Findings?

A

16 baby monkeys with 2 wire model mother, one of which was covered in cloth, milk dispensed by both

Preference for cloth-covered model and seeked for comfort when frightened
Critocal period - 90 days

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14
Q

What are the issues with Lorenz study?

A

lack of generalisability to humans

Counter evidence

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15
Q

What are the strengths of Harlows study on rhesus monkeys?

A

Theoretical value
- the importance of early relationships

Practical Value
- social workers understand risk factors in child neglect
- breeding programmes

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16
Q

What is Learning Therory of attachment?

A

Cupboard - Love - caregiver as a provider of fod and baby learns to love whoever feeds them?

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17
Q

What are the primary and secondary drives of cupboard-love theory?

A

Primary - need to satisfy hunder

Secondary - attachment to caregiver who feeds them

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18
Q

What is Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

infants require a qualitatively unique relationship to develop an internal working model

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19
Q

What is the internal working model?

A

Mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver which acts as a template for all other relationships - continuity hypotheses

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20
Q

What is the critical period?

A

A primary attachment must be made between 6 months - 2.5 years, otherwise an attachment will never be made and the child will suffer behavioural and emotional problems

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21
Q

What is the cross cultural support for Bowlbys monotropic theory?

A

Ganda tribe - one primary attachment, even when reared by multiple caregivers

Israeli Communal Farms - children raised by nurses (metaplets), spent 3 hours a day with parents. primary attachment was still towards biological mum

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22
Q

How how is the importance of a primary attachment over-emphasised?

A

uniqueness vs strength?

Thomas - a network of attachments may be more beneficial

Van Iijzendoon - a stable network of adults provides better care

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23
Q

What supporting research is there for the internal working model?

A

the continuity hypotheses suggests that internal working models should be passed through generations

Bailey
- 99 mothers with 1 year olds
- standard interview mother-grandmother
- observation mother-infant
results showed attachment type was generational

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24
Q

4 criteria for Ainsworths SS

A

separation anxiety
stranger anxiety
reunion behaviour
willingness to explore room

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25
Q

Ainsworth SS method

A

lab experiment
set routine
time sampling
100 middle class american women & their infants

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26
Q

Ainsworth SS findings

A

70% secure
15% insecure-avoidant
15% insecure-resistant

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27
Q

How is the SS replicable?

A

high inter-observer reliability
highly operationalised
4 specific criteria

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28
Q

What is the supporting research to show reliability of classification for Ainsworths SS?

A

Waters
50 infants 12, 18 months
Greatest consistency in reunion behaviour
48/50 in same category at 18 months

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29
Q

what are the issues of Ainsworths SS?

A

Low population validity

Categories not always applicable

Low internal validity
- objectivity
- quality of attachment rather than child

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30
Q

Secure attachment

A

comfortable with social interaction and intimacy
healthy cognitive and emotional development
mother consistently sensitive and responds to babies needs

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31
Q

Insecure-resistant

A

both seek and reject emotional intimacy
parents are inconsistent

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32
Q

What is Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation?

A

if a primary attachment is not formed within the critical period, one will never be formed and the child will be at risk for behavioural and emotional disorders

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33
Q

Separation anxiety behaviours

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

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34
Q

Affectionless Psychopathy

A

an individual with no sense of shame or guilt

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35
Q

44 thieves method

A

88 children referred to a guidance clinic
44 were thieves - 16 of which deemed affectionless psychopaths
other 44 - control group

Children and families interviewd to create a record of early childhood experiences

Quasi experiment

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36
Q

44 thieves findings

A

86% of affectionless psychopaths Experienced prolonged separation

17% of the other thieves had experienced such separation

4% of control group experienced frequent early separation

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37
Q

What are the issues with the interviews used in 44 thieves?

A

Self-report - social desirability bias
Retrospective data

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38
Q

How was there researcher bias in the 44 thieves study?

A

Bowlby worked in the childrens home and knew who was in each group

Conducted psychiatric experiments himself, created the affectionless psychopathy diagnosis

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39
Q

44 thieves - privation vs deprivation

A

children moved around a lot and may have been suffering privation rather than deprivation

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40
Q

Real-life application of Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

Hospital practices

Childcare practices

Political agenda - encourages working mothers guilt post WW2

41
Q

Background to Romanian Orphanages studies

A

1989 - plight of children in Romanian orphanages discovered

Former president required women to have 5 children which many families simply couldn’t afford

42
Q

How many orphans were there in Rutters adoption study

A

165 Romanian orphans

43
Q

Rutter finding (Romanian Orphanage)
- adopted before 6 months

A

58 adopted before 6 months
- normal development
- IQ - 102

44
Q

What are the strengths of Romanian orphanage studies?

A

Policy changes to benefit children

Lack of confounding variables

Study cause and effect

45
Q

Weaknesses of Romanian orphange studies

A

Children not randomly allocated

Effects could be due to poor conditions and not institutionalisation

Lack of data on adult development

46
Q

How does attachment type link to bullying?

A

Secure - good relationships

Avoidant - victims

Resistant - bullies

47
Q

McCarthy - influence of early attachments on later life

A

40 dult women assessed as adults to establish their attachment type

Secure - best romantic and platonic relationships

Resistant - problems maintaining relationships

Avoidant - issues with intimacy in romantic relationships

48
Q

Zimmerman -Findings - opposing evidence for the continuity hypotheses

A

Little relationship from infant to adult attachment type

49
Q

Rutter findings - 6-12 months

A

59 adopted between 6-12 months
- disinhibited attachment
- IQ - 86

50
Q

Rutter findings - 2-4 years

A

48 adopted between 2-4 years
- disinhibited attachment
- IQ - 77

51
Q

Who adopted the Romanian orphans?

What age were they assessed?

A

British families adopted the orphans
assessed development at age 4,6,11&15

52
Q

How is attachment often typified?

A

An infants desire to seek proximity to a particular individual and to display distress when seperated from this particular individual

53
Q

Types of caregiver-infant Interaction

A

Interactional synchrony

Reciprocity

Mimicking

54
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

The infant moves their bodies in time with the rhythm of the carer’s spoken language, creating a form of turn-taking

55
Q

Reciprocity

A

Interactions lead to mutual behaviour between carer and infant, with both being able to produce responses from each other

56
Q

Mimicking

A

Infants imitate the facial expressions of the caregiver, suggesting an innate biological drive to form an attachment bond

57
Q

Further Communication between infant and caregiver

A

Bodily Contact

Caregiverese

58
Q

Bodily Contact

A

Physical interactions help to form the attachment bond in the very early period, particularly immediately after birth

59
Q

Caregiverese

A

A form of modified vocal language used by adults as they interact with infants, which includes high-pitched, song-like vocals and are slow and repetitive

60
Q

Klaus + Kennel - impact of contact

A

Compared mothers who displayed extended physical contact vs mothers who only contacted when feeding in the 3 days following birth

1 month later - cuddle, more eye contact

Effects still evident a year later

61
Q

Isabella - What attachment type demonstrated interactional synchrony in the first year of life?

A

infants with secure attachments demonstrated interactional synchrony during the first year of life

62
Q

Meltzoff and Moore - mimic

A

2-3 weeks displayed a tendency to mimic adults facial expressions and hand movements, indicating that mimicry is an innate ability that helps in the formation of attachment

63
Q

Papousek - caregiverese

A

The use of caregiverese was cross-cultural, suggesting that it is an innate device

64
Q

When does interactional synchrony start?

A

Initial consolidation of biological rhythms during pregnancy to the emergence of symbolic and often rhythmic exchanges between parent and child

65
Q

Asocial Stage

A

0-6 weeks
Attention-seeking behaviour, not directed an anyone in particular

66
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

6 weeks - 7 months
Similar to asocial - child seeks attention from anyone
Preferences to familiar faces

67
Q

Specific attachment

A

7-11 months
Primarily attached to main caregiver
Separation anxiety

68
Q

Multiple Attachments

A

Attachment formed to other people once the primary attachment has been formed

69
Q

When does the asocial stage occur?

A

First few weeks

70
Q

When does indiscriminate attachment happen?

A

2-7 months

71
Q

When does specific attachment happen?

A

From 7 months

72
Q

When do multiple Attachments form?

A

29% of children developed a secondary attachment within 1 month of primary attachment in Schaffers study

73
Q

Imprinting

A

any kind of phase-sensitive learning that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behaviour

74
Q

What studies weaken learning theory?

A

Lorenz - Goslings imprint before food
Harlow - preference for cloth mother, regardless of food
Schaffer - sensitive response

75
Q

Continuity hypothesis

A

Securely attached babies will grow up to have secure relationships and vice versa

76
Q

Ainsworths findings about monotropy as a universal concept

A

Observed the Ganda tribe of Uganda where babies seemed to form one primary attachment, even when reared by multiple caregiver

77
Q

Fox reaserch into monotropy as a universal concept - Israeli communal farms

A

Children spent the majority of their day with nurses known as metaplets and spent 3 days with their biological parents, however children still formed a primary attachment bond to their biological mother

78
Q

Bailey - support for the continuity hypothesis of the internal working model

A

Assessed 99 mothers with their 1 year old babies on the quality of their attachment and their own mothers using a standard interview procedure. then assessed the mother-infant attachment by observation

79
Q

Interactional Synchrony

A

Mirroring what the other person is doing in terms of body and facial movements

80
Q

Reciprocity

A

Responding to the other with a similar action

81
Q

Indiscriminate attachment

A

Similar responses to all objects, with a preference towards social stimuli

82
Q

Discriminate attachment

A

A specific attachment is formed. high stranger and seperation anxiety

83
Q

5 Components of Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A

Adaptive
Social Releasers
Critical Period
Monotropy
Internal Workin model

84
Q

% of affectionless thieves experienced separation before age 2

A

86% - 12/14

85
Q

2nd most common attachment in Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonberg

A

Insecure avoidant

86
Q

Behaviour elicited by an insecure resistant child on reunion

A

Both reject and seek comfort

87
Q

Romanian Orphan Studies demonstrate

A

Long term consequences are not as severe as Bowlby outlined in his critical period

88
Q

Key study into Caregiver Infant interactions

A

Meltzoff + Moore

89
Q

McCarthy - ‘Love Quiz’ procedure - influence of early attachment

A

Studied 40 adult women who were assessed as infants to establish their attachment type

90
Q

Hazam + Share - ‘love quiz’ findings

A

56% securely attached

25% insecure-avoidant

19% insecure-resistant

91
Q

Characteristics of a secure attachment found by Hazam + Share in the love quiz

A

Good relationships, both romantic and platonic

92
Q

characteristics of an avoidant attachment type according to Hazam + share ‘Love quiz’

A

Struggle with intimacy

93
Q

characteristics of a resistant attachment type according to Hazam + Share ‘Love quiz’

A

Struggle to maintain future relationships

94
Q

Weakness of caregiver-infant interactions

A

Many studies observing CG-I interactions show a similar pattern of behaviour. however, it is difficult to determine whether these actions are delioberate and have any special meaning

95
Q

Strengths of caregiver-infant Interaction observations

A

Controlled observation captures fine detail

Application value

96
Q

Crotwell - application value of caregiver-infant interaction

A

10 minute interactional synchrony therapy with mothers on low-income and their infants, found a significant increase in interactional synchrony and attachment

97
Q

Meltzoff and Moore procedure

A

observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks old.

an adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions or gestures

Response was filmed and identified by independent observers

98
Q

What did Isabella find about interactional synchrony?

A

High levels of synchrony were associated with better quality attachments

Psychology (11 decks)

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