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MCAT > GChemOChem > Flashcards

GChemOChem Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Can sigma bonds rotate?

A

Yes, they are cylindrical single bonds that can rotate

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2
Q

Can you rotate a pi bond?

A

No they cannot rotate. They are locked in

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3
Q

Double bonds consist of …

A

one sigma and one pi

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4
Q

Triple bonds consist of

A

one sigma and two pi bodns

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5
Q

As you increase the bond order you are increasing the bond

A

bond strength

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6
Q

As stability goes up, energy …

A

energy goes down

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7
Q

As strength goes up the bond length goes

A

down (we are pulling the atoms closer together)

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8
Q

Are pi bonds weaker than sigma bonds?

A

Yes they are. But because double bonds are pi and sigma they ar strong

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9
Q

are cis or trans more stable

A

trans is usually more stable b/s molecules like to spread things out as much as possible (less steric hindrance)

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10
Q

What is the hack for lewis structures. Aka what is the shorcut to knowing how many bonds the central atom wants?

A

F- 1 bond
O- 2
N- 3
C- 4
B- 3
Be- 2
H- 1

This refers to the column in the periodic table

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11
Q

What are 3 elements that can have an expanded valence?

A

Phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine

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12
Q

You can think of formal charge as

A

atomic suffering in absolute value

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13
Q

Formal charge =

A

of valence electrons from the coloumn - # of electrons in lone pairs - # of bonds. You state the number of valence electrons in the central atom (N=5) and then count down from there. So NH3 has 5 a 0 because it has 3 bonds to hydrogen and then one lone pair (2 e-)

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14
Q

Remeber this is a shortcut for Formal charge

A

just look at the coloumn number for central atom and minus

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15
Q

Oxyacid

A

The acidic part - the proton that is going to leave - is not bonded to the central atom but to an oxygen ex H2SO4

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16
Q

Examples of oxyacids

A

HNO3
H2CO3
H3PO4
Hydrogens are attached to the oxygen

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17
Q

What bonds cannot be broken in resonance structures

A

sigma

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18
Q

What are the 4 rules for determining the best response structure

Clarify the question

A

Full octet
Minimum number of Formal charges
Negative FC on electronegative atoms
Minimum separation between opposite Formal charges

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19
Q

Dashed is ___

A

away (dashing away)

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20
Q

Wedge is

A

toward

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21
Q

Fischer projection

A

Horizional - hugs toward you

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22
Q

Tetrahedral

A

109.5 degrees

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23
Q

When you add the exponents you get the number of groups

A

i.e sp=2 exponents so 2 groups

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24
Q

If the resonance structures have access to sp2…

A

it will be sp2 (it wants to be planar)

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25
Q

If an atom has a choice between sp2 or sp3 it chooses..

A

sp2 (planar)

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26
Q

molecular geometry does not consider ___

A

lone pairs. only bonds (bent)

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27
Q

lone pairs take up more/less space than bonds

A

more

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28
Q

arrange ammonia methane and water from largest to smallest bond angles

A

methane, ammonia, water

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29
Q

Delocalized electrons

A

e- that can move

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30
Q

To determine is a species is aromatic we apply ___ rule

A

Huckel’s

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31
Q

Huckel’s rule (4)

A
  1. planar
  2. Cyclic
  3. Fully conjugated alternating single and double bonds (all sp2)
  4. Obeys Jucke’s Rule (contains a total of 4n + 2pi electrons) answer needs to be a whole number
32
Q

pi electrons can be (2)

A
  1. pi bonds
  2. electrons that can become pi bonds
33
Q

Is pyrrole aromatic

A

yes

34
Q

Is imidazole aromatic

A

no

35
Q

a lone pair on a double bond does ___ contribute to aromaticity

A

not

36
Q

hucks rule formua

A

4n+2=6pi e-

37
Q

Chirality ____ be superimposed on its mirror image such as

A

cannot, hands

38
Q

a chiral carbon as 4 ___ groups

A

different

39
Q

an achiral carbon has two __ groups

A

identical

40
Q

when looking for chiral centres look for at least – explicit bonds

A

3

41
Q

constitutional isomers

A

construction. structural

42
Q

conformational

A

rotation about their c-c single bonds

43
Q

is staggered or eclipsed more stable

A

staggered because the hydrogens are spaced out

44
Q

Cahn-Inglod-Prelog state rules (3)

A

The highest atomic number takes greatest priority
When two atoms bound to the alkene carbon atom are the same, look to the adjacent atom until a diff is found
Double bonds take a higher priority since they are theoretically bonded twise to the same atom

45
Q

E-isomer

A

opposite side (enemies)

46
Q

Z-isomer

A

same side (zame zide)

47
Q

do cis and trans always = E/Z

A

no

48
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror image that is not the same

49
Q

enantiomers (5)

A
  1. opposite steroechemistry at all sterocenters
  2. identical physical properties (bp.polarity)
  3. React identically in most environments
  4. react differently in chiral environ
  5. rotate plane-polarized light oppositely
50
Q

absolute config

A

R/S

51
Q

R

A

right - clockwise

52
Q

S

A

left - counterclockwise

53
Q

Racemic

A

no net rotation of plane-polarized light - cancel out

54
Q

Diastereomers

A

some R/S flip but not all (could be RR and flip to RS)

55
Q

Meso

A

contain two chrial centres but themselves are achrial

56
Q

Do Meso compounds rotate plane polarized ligth

A

no

57
Q

Meso needs a ___ plaen

A

mirror

58
Q

To rotate plane polarized light you need to be ___ and not ___

A

chiral, meso

59
Q

Sterospecific

A

only create one kind of enantiomer

60
Q

Stereoselective

A

favor one enantiomer but makes others

61
Q

which compund travels further in TLC the polar or non-polar

A

the less polar travels further (higher)

62
Q

Retention factor

A

distance compound traveled/distance solvent traveled

63
Q

Fractional crystallization is seperated by

A

solubility

64
Q

What two things must we look for to resolve a racemic mixture of acidic enantiomers?

A

1) chiral - more than 3 unique bonds
2) basic

65
Q

Meso compunds are ____ and they contain a ___ carbon. They do not _________ light

A

achrial, chiral, rotate plae polarized lgiht

66
Q

Chiral molecules are never the same as their ____ image

A

mirror

67
Q

All chiral molecules have a mirror image which is their

A

enantiomer

68
Q

If a molecule is not the same as its mirror image, then it is ___

A

chiral

69
Q

A lewis base ___ electrsons and is ___philic

A

doantes e- and is nucelophilic

70
Q

The freezing point of fatty acids is greatest in…

A

saturated fatty acids

71
Q

are unsaturated or satured have lower melting points

A

unsaturated

72
Q

At low temp the anti conformattion is the most common (t/F)

A

T

73
Q

ic acid

A

carboxylic acid

73
Q

-oate

A

ester

74
Q
A

MCAT (17 decks)

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