BioBioChem 3 Microbiology Flashcards
Prokaryotes
Single cell
No organelles (no compartments)
anaerobic metabolism is glycolysis + ___
fermentation
2 types of prokaryotes
Archaea bacteria
Viruses can be ___ or ___ based
DNA or RNA
Can viruses replicate themselves?
no
the mitochondria evolved from taking up a ____ bacteria up into another cell
aerobic
Eukayotes include
plants, animals, fungi, protists
Protists
single-celled eukaryotes
what are the 3 main domains of life
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotes
Viruses lack ____ and _____, are substantially _____ and are not classified as ____ organisms
organelles, nucleus, smaller, living
Viroids are small rings of naked ___ with no ____ and they only infect ____
RNA, capsids, plants
Prions are naked _____ capable of _______ without DNA or RNA that only infect ___
proteins, self-replication, animals
Bacteriophage is a ____ that infects _____
virus, bacteria
What is an example of lysogenic viruses
Cold sores, shingles (from chicken pox)
Temperate viruses follow either a _____ cycle (no symptoms) or ____ cycle (symptoms).
lysogenic, lytic
Virulent viruses have ___ life cycles (symptoms)
lytic
Bacilli
Rod shape
Cocci
Spherical
Spirilli
spiral
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria
spirilli(spiral), Bacilli(rod), COcci (spherical)
Bacteria move using their ____ which are made from the globular protein called _____
flagella, flagellin
chemotaxis sense ____ and _____
environment and respond
Protoplast
the bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it
The cell wall of a bacteria is made of ___ and is a huge target for ___
peptidoglycan, antibiotics
Hydrostatic pressure
push against the container by the fluid (water balloon)
Osmotic pressure
draw fluid into space/container b/c of high solute [low water]
Bacteria can be classified by ___ and ___
shape and staining
Gram negative bacteria has a __ cell wall and stains ____
thin, light pink
Gram positive bacteria has a ___ cell wall and stains ___
thick, purple
Gram negative bacteria have an _____
outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
the protein that makes up bacteria cell wall
What is harder to deal with gram neg or pos and why
gram neg because it has an outer membrane
Bacterial undergo _____ which is a type of _____ reproduction
binary fission, asexual
Bacteria are able to undergo three forms of genetic recombination
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation (meg +zebra)
Bacteria sex. Build bridge b/w cells to transfer DNA
Transformation (meg + road kill squirrel)
pick up “naked DNA” from environment and incorporate it into their genome
Transduction (meg gets covid and transfers it to you + you also get some meg DNA)
virus that accidentally transfers the old host DNA to the new host infection.
R plasmids are also conj plasmids that contain the gene for sex pilus) and can bestow different types of ____
antibiotic resistance
What are the 3 types of transposons
IS elements
Complex
Composite
IS Elements
transposase gene flanked by inverted repeated sequences
Complex transposons
same as IS elements which means it has a transposase gene flanked by inverted repeats but ALSO has regulatory genes
Composite transposons
two transposase sequences with a central region in b/w. IR flank the sequence
operon ___ promoter controls ___ genes
one, multiple
Operator stops gene expression when the ____ is _____
repressor is bound
promoter binds ___ ____ to ___ gene expression
RNA polymerase, start
Operator turns it ___
off
Promoter turns it __
on
what are the 3 genes associated with the LAC operon
z, y, a
z gene codes for
beta-galactosidase
y gene encodes
permease which helps lactose enter cell
B-galactosidase cuts ____ apart
sugars
cAMP is an indicator of low ___
glucose
refer to page 72 diagram for LAC operon
page 72 diagram
What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth?
Lag phase, exponential phase (log phase), stationary phase, death phase
___ inhabits extreme environment
archaea
virus to bacteria
transduction
virus to euk
transfection
any virus that begins translating protein directly from the nucleic acids in its capsid must be a ____
+ssRNA
how to calculate false negative rate
(1-sensitivity)/((1-sensitivity)+specificity))
cell polarity would not likely be observed in which type of cells?
red blood cells
Nucleus
DNA (Genome)
Transcription (DNA-RNA)
RNA processing
Ribosomes
Complex RNA + protein used to manufacture proteins
-free in cytosol
Rough ER
ribosomes bound to make proteins inside RER
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration
Energy metabolism (pyr.ox, Kreb’s, ETC, ATP syntase)
Plasma membrane
outside cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
50% protein, 48% lipids, 2%carbs
What makes up the cytoskeleton? (shape and structure)
Microtubule
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
Centriole
MTOC: start making microtubules
Smooth ER
Synthesize lipids/steroids
Carb metabolism
Calcium regulation
Drug detoxification
Lysosome
Recycling bin
(requires an acidic environ)
Breakdown cell components (old proteins, mito)
Peroxisome
detoxify ROS
Golgi Apparatus
Add sugars to the proteins from roughER
Proteins from the rough ER (secretory pathway) have sugars added on
Site of modification of those proteins
4 Kingdoms of Euk
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
RNA processing occurs in ___-
eukaryotes
RNA processing adds a ____ and _____ and splices out ____
5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail, introns
Eukaryotes have ribosomes that are odd or even?
even (40s, 60s, 80s)
flagella in prok are made of ___ and spin in a ____
flaggelin, circle
flagella in euk are made of ___ and move ____ like sperm
microtubules, back and forth
Microfilaments
Wire
Strength/tension flexible
Fibrous subunit
different protein subunits
‘rope’ strength
Microtubule
hollow cylinders
Tubulin dimer
alpha and beta monomer
Formed in cytosol -> assembled into protofilaments
MTOC
microtubule organizing center
centrosome
2 centrioles
centromere
region whre spindle fibres(MT) attach to chrom
Microtubule polymerization starts at the ____ where 13 gamma tubulin are first added in a ___ shape
MTOC, circular
How can you tell how old an MT is?
beta tubulin binds GPT and hydrolyzes over time into GDP
a singlet MT is made of ____ protofilaments
13
a doublet MT is ___ + ___ protofilaments
13 +10
a triplet MT is __+___+___
13, 10, 10
Cilium and flagellum are composed of an axoneme that contains __ pairs of MT, forming a circle around __ lone MT
9,2 (9+2 organization)
Cross-bridges made from _____ connect MT pairs together
dynein
Flagella and cilia are made from ____
microtubules
dynein is a ___ protein that causes a back and forth movement
motor
In eukaryotes, ___ modulates the fluidity of the membrane
cholesterol
when temp is rising we prefer ____ fats and ___ chain
sat, longer
when temp is rising cholesterol ___ fluidity b/c presence ____ movement
decrease, decrease
when temp is dropping we prefer ____ fats (spaced out b/c kinks from ___ double bond)
unsaturated, cis
long chains mean ___ fluidity
less
short chains mean __ fluidity
more
what can move straight through the plasma membrane?
gases, hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules
What cannot move through plasma mem?
large and in charge
Large polar molecules
Charged molecules
Transporter, channel, carrier, pump…
Chemical conc gradient
force that moves a chemical from high->low conc.
Electrical gradient
force in the direction the positively charged ion will move
Pinocytosis is a ___ sampling
random
Receptor mediated endocytosis
specific
Ligand and has a receptor
What are the three types of junctions that connect animal cells
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Tight junctions
form a water tight seal b/w cells that prevents the passage of molecules b/w cells
Desmosomes (ropes are connected)
Join two cells at a single point and attach directly to the intermediate filaments (ropes)
Gap junctions are crucial for _____ to ____ communication
cell to cell
gap junctions have a ______ to ______ connection
cytosol, cytosol
isotonic is ~___mosm
300 (not net movement of fluid)
facilitated diffusion has either a ___ or ___
carrier protein or protein channel
what is faster a channel or a carrier protein?
channel (straight thorugh)
sodium potassium pump has ___NA+ out (has three letters in NA+ and OUT) and ___ K+ in (2 letters K+ and in) and costs __ATP
3,2,1
Secondary active transport
step 1: establish a gradient using energy
step 2: co-transporter: bring in gradient AND another molecule
what are the 4 types of tissue in animals
neural, muscle, connective, epithelial
