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MCAT > BioBioChem 3 Microbiology > Flashcards

BioBioChem 3 Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Single cell
No organelles (no compartments)

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2
Q

anaerobic metabolism is glycolysis + ___

A

fermentation

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3
Q

2 types of prokaryotes

A

Archaea bacteria

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4
Q

Viruses can be ___ or ___ based

A

DNA or RNA

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5
Q

Can viruses replicate themselves?

A

no

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6
Q

the mitochondria evolved from taking up a ____ bacteria up into another cell

A

aerobic

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7
Q

Eukayotes include

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists

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8
Q

Protists

A

single-celled eukaryotes

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9
Q

what are the 3 main domains of life

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotes

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10
Q

Viruses lack ____ and _____, are substantially _____ and are not classified as ____ organisms

A

organelles, nucleus, smaller, living

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11
Q

Viroids are small rings of naked ___ with no ____ and they only infect ____

A

RNA, capsids, plants

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12
Q

Prions are naked _____ capable of _______ without DNA or RNA that only infect ___

A

proteins, self-replication, animals

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13
Q

Bacteriophage is a ____ that infects _____

A

virus, bacteria

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14
Q

What is an example of lysogenic viruses

A

Cold sores, shingles (from chicken pox)

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15
Q

Temperate viruses follow either a _____ cycle (no symptoms) or ____ cycle (symptoms).

A

lysogenic, lytic

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16
Q

Virulent viruses have ___ life cycles (symptoms)

A

lytic

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17
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shape

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18
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical

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19
Q

Spirilli

A

spiral

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20
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria

A

spirilli(spiral), Bacilli(rod), COcci (spherical)

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21
Q

Bacteria move using their ____ which are made from the globular protein called _____

A

flagella, flagellin

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22
Q

chemotaxis sense ____ and _____

A

environment and respond

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23
Q

Protoplast

A

the bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it

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24
Q

The cell wall of a bacteria is made of ___ and is a huge target for ___

A

peptidoglycan, antibiotics

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25
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

push against the container by the fluid (water balloon)

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26
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

draw fluid into space/container b/c of high solute [low water]

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27
Q

Bacteria can be classified by ___ and ___

A

shape and staining

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28
Q

Gram negative bacteria has a __ cell wall and stains ____

A

thin, light pink

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29
Q

Gram positive bacteria has a ___ cell wall and stains ___

A

thick, purple

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30
Q

Gram negative bacteria have an _____

A

outer membrane

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31
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

the protein that makes up bacteria cell wall

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32
Q

What is harder to deal with gram neg or pos and why

A

gram neg because it has an outer membrane

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33
Q

Bacterial undergo _____ which is a type of _____ reproduction

A

binary fission, asexual

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34
Q

Bacteria are able to undergo three forms of genetic recombination

A

Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

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35
Q

Conjugation (meg +zebra)

A

Bacteria sex. Build bridge b/w cells to transfer DNA

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36
Q

Transformation (meg + road kill squirrel)

A

pick up “naked DNA” from environment and incorporate it into their genome

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37
Q

Transduction (meg gets covid and transfers it to you + you also get some meg DNA)

A

virus that accidentally transfers the old host DNA to the new host infection.

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38
Q

R plasmids are also conj plasmids that contain the gene for sex pilus) and can bestow different types of ____

A

antibiotic resistance

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of transposons

A

IS elements
Complex
Composite

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40
Q

IS Elements

A

transposase gene flanked by inverted repeated sequences

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41
Q

Complex transposons

A

same as IS elements which means it has a transposase gene flanked by inverted repeats but ALSO has regulatory genes

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42
Q

Composite transposons

A

two transposase sequences with a central region in b/w. IR flank the sequence

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43
Q

operon ___ promoter controls ___ genes

A

one, multiple

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44
Q

Operator stops gene expression when the ____ is _____

A

repressor is bound

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45
Q

promoter binds ___ ____ to ___ gene expression

A

RNA polymerase, start

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46
Q

Operator turns it ___

A

off

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47
Q

Promoter turns it __

A

on

48
Q

what are the 3 genes associated with the LAC operon

A

z, y, a

49
Q

z gene codes for

A

beta-galactosidase

50
Q

y gene encodes

A

permease which helps lactose enter cell

51
Q

B-galactosidase cuts ____ apart

A

sugars

52
Q

cAMP is an indicator of low ___

A

glucose

53
Q

refer to page 72 diagram for LAC operon

A

page 72 diagram

54
Q

What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth?

A

Lag phase, exponential phase (log phase), stationary phase, death phase

55
Q

___ inhabits extreme environment

A

archaea

56
Q

virus to bacteria

A

transduction

57
Q

virus to euk

A

transfection

58
Q

any virus that begins translating protein directly from the nucleic acids in its capsid must be a ____

A

+ssRNA

59
Q

how to calculate false negative rate

A

(1-sensitivity)/((1-sensitivity)+specificity))

60
Q

cell polarity would not likely be observed in which type of cells?

A

red blood cells

61
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA (Genome)
Transcription (DNA-RNA)
RNA processing

62
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complex RNA + protein used to manufacture proteins
-free in cytosol

63
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes bound to make proteins inside RER

64
Q

Mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration
Energy metabolism (pyr.ox, Kreb’s, ETC, ATP syntase)

65
Q

Plasma membrane

A

outside cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
50% protein, 48% lipids, 2%carbs

66
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton? (shape and structure)

A

Microtubule
Intermediate filament
Microfilament

67
Q

Centriole

A

MTOC: start making microtubules

68
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesize lipids/steroids
Carb metabolism
Calcium regulation
Drug detoxification

69
Q

Lysosome

A

Recycling bin
(requires an acidic environ)
Breakdown cell components (old proteins, mito)

70
Q

Peroxisome

A

detoxify ROS

71
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Add sugars to the proteins from roughER

Proteins from the rough ER (secretory pathway) have sugars added on

Site of modification of those proteins

72
Q

4 Kingdoms of Euk

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

73
Q

RNA processing occurs in ___-

A

eukaryotes

74
Q

RNA processing adds a ____ and _____ and splices out ____

A

5’ cap, 3’ polyA tail, introns

75
Q

Eukaryotes have ribosomes that are odd or even?

A

even (40s, 60s, 80s)

76
Q

flagella in prok are made of ___ and spin in a ____

A

flaggelin, circle

77
Q

flagella in euk are made of ___ and move ____ like sperm

A

microtubules, back and forth

78
Q

Microfilaments

A

Wire
Strength/tension flexible

79
Q

Fibrous subunit

A

different protein subunits
‘rope’ strength

80
Q

Microtubule

A

hollow cylinders

81
Q

Tubulin dimer

A

alpha and beta monomer
Formed in cytosol -> assembled into protofilaments

82
Q

MTOC

A

microtubule organizing center

83
Q

centrosome

A

2 centrioles

84
Q

centromere

A

region whre spindle fibres(MT) attach to chrom

85
Q

Microtubule polymerization starts at the ____ where 13 gamma tubulin are first added in a ___ shape

A

MTOC, circular

86
Q

How can you tell how old an MT is?

A

beta tubulin binds GPT and hydrolyzes over time into GDP

87
Q

a singlet MT is made of ____ protofilaments

A

13

88
Q

a doublet MT is ___ + ___ protofilaments

A

13 +10

89
Q

a triplet MT is __+___+___

A

13, 10, 10

90
Q

Cilium and flagellum are composed of an axoneme that contains __ pairs of MT, forming a circle around __ lone MT

A

9,2 (9+2 organization)

91
Q

Cross-bridges made from _____ connect MT pairs together

A

dynein

92
Q

Flagella and cilia are made from ____

A

microtubules

93
Q

dynein is a ___ protein that causes a back and forth movement

A

motor

94
Q

In eukaryotes, ___ modulates the fluidity of the membrane

A

cholesterol

95
Q

when temp is rising we prefer ____ fats and ___ chain

A

sat, longer

96
Q

when temp is rising cholesterol ___ fluidity b/c presence ____ movement

A

decrease, decrease

97
Q

when temp is dropping we prefer ____ fats (spaced out b/c kinks from ___ double bond)

A

unsaturated, cis

98
Q

long chains mean ___ fluidity

A

less

99
Q

short chains mean __ fluidity

A

more

100
Q

what can move straight through the plasma membrane?

A

gases, hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules

101
Q

What cannot move through plasma mem?

A

large and in charge
Large polar molecules
Charged molecules
Transporter, channel, carrier, pump…

102
Q

Chemical conc gradient

A

force that moves a chemical from high->low conc.

103
Q

Electrical gradient

A

force in the direction the positively charged ion will move

104
Q

Pinocytosis is a ___ sampling

A

random

105
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

specific
Ligand and has a receptor

106
Q

What are the three types of junctions that connect animal cells

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

107
Q

Tight junctions

A

form a water tight seal b/w cells that prevents the passage of molecules b/w cells

108
Q

Desmosomes (ropes are connected)

A

Join two cells at a single point and attach directly to the intermediate filaments (ropes)

109
Q

Gap junctions are crucial for _____ to ____ communication

A

cell to cell

110
Q

gap junctions have a ______ to ______ connection

A

cytosol, cytosol

111
Q

isotonic is ~___mosm

A

300 (not net movement of fluid)

112
Q

facilitated diffusion has either a ___ or ___

A

carrier protein or protein channel

113
Q

what is faster a channel or a carrier protein?

A

channel (straight thorugh)

114
Q

sodium potassium pump has ___NA+ out (has three letters in NA+ and OUT) and ___ K+ in (2 letters K+ and in) and costs __ATP

A

3,2,1

115
Q

Secondary active transport

A

step 1: establish a gradient using energy
step 2: co-transporter: bring in gradient AND another molecule

116
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue in animals

A

neural, muscle, connective, epithelial

117
Q
A

MCAT (17 decks)

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