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MCAT > BioBioChem - Population Genetics > Flashcards

BioBioChem - Population Genetics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Indels are either a ___ or ______

A

insertion, deletion

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2
Q

Different versions of a gene are ___

A

alleles

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3
Q

Selection acts on the genotype or phenotype?

A

phenotype

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4
Q

Selection pressure changes the fitness of 1 particular _____

A

phenotype

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5
Q

Fitness is the ability to

A

survive and reproduce

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6
Q

evolution is the change in _____ frequency in a population over time

A

allele

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7
Q

When we methylate DNA we ____ gene expression

A

silence

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8
Q

the first stage of meiosis is called (reductional division) because we are separating _____ pairs (2n goes to __)

A

homologous pairs (2n->n)

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9
Q

meiosis 2 is called equational division and we are dividing ___ _____ (n–)

A

sister chromatids (n–>n)

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10
Q

Eukaryotes increase genetic diversity via three mechanisms

A

(1) Independent assortment: metaphase 1 and metaphase 2
(2) Prophase 1: crossovers (mix DNA b/w homologous chromosomes
(3) Give 1/2 DNA for offspring; sexual reproduction - combine 2 genetic backgrounds

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11
Q

Nondisjunction is the _______ to seperate chromosome pairs to separate at _______ 1 (more common) or for sister chromatids to separate in anaphase 2

A

failure, anaphase

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12
Q

Monosomy is the loss of a single chromosome and in humans are not ___

A

viable

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13
Q

Turner Syndrome is the monosomy of the __ chromosomes

A

XO, sex

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14
Q

XXY

A

klinefelter’s

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15
Q

What are the genotype and phenotype ratios for heteroxhetero

A

1:2:1 and 3:1

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16
Q

Test crosses (back cross) must be crossed with a ____

A

homozygous

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17
Q

incomplete dominance shows an _____ phenotype. Give an example

A

incomplete. Red and white flower makes a pink flower

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18
Q

Codominance is when both are expressed. Give an example.

A

blood type

19
Q

unlinked genes are on ___ chromosomes or very far apart on the same chromosomes

A

different

20
Q

2X in female - one is inactivated and it forms _____

A

heterochromatin

21
Q

does the sperm or egg determine sez

A

sperm determines sex because it will either give an X or Y

22
Q

mendel dominance is a ____% penetrance

A

100%

23
Q

what is the taxonomical classification?

A

Darn King Philip Cuts Open Five Green Snakes. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Species

24
Q

The bottleneck effect

A

disease, hurricane, genocide

25
Q

Founder effect

A

a small group leaves and moves

26
Q

Is evolution the same as natural selection?

A

NO, natural selection is simply a mechanism for evolution. Natural selection is a way to evolve

27
Q

r-selected species are unstable and unpredictable environments and put energy into reproduction. What are some of their features?

A

High fecundity, small body size, early maturity onset (i.e released fish eggs into the ocean)

28
Q

K-selected species put their energy into ensuring their offspring survive. What are some features?

A

large body, long life expectancy, fewer offspring (humans, elephants)

29
Q

Carrying capacity is the max pop. size that can de sustained indefinitely by the ____

A

environment

30
Q

what is the phenotype of a dihybrid cross?

A

9-3-3-1

31
Q

sigma represents _____

A

variance

32
Q

evolution occurs in all commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism T or F

A

True

33
Q

Karyotype

A

The number or appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus in a euk cell

34
Q

Wild Type refers to the ____ form of an allele as it occurs in nature

A

typical

35
Q

Hybrid are organisms from different species that can sometimes reproduce hybrid progeny which are usually __

A

sterile

36
Q

Mendelian errors describe an allele in an ____ which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by mendelian inheritance

A

individual

37
Q

Gene pool

A

the complete set of unique alleles in a species or popualtion

38
Q

Leakage is gene flow from one ____ to another

A

species

39
Q

Adaptive Radiation is the evolution of ecological or phenotypic diversity within a ____

A

lineage

40
Q

Divergent evolution occurs when two or more species evolving from the ___ group maintain a similar structure from the common ancestor (homologous)

A

same
A good example of this is Darin’s finches which have 80 species all diverged from one original species of Finch

41
Q

Convergent evolution when two species may evolve similar structures/traits with no recent common ancestor. These are said to be ____

A

analogous

42
Q

Polymorphism occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of species. GIve an example

A

the light morph jaguar vs the dark-morph jaguar

43
Q
A

MCAT (17 decks)

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