BioBioChem 1 - Biochemicals Flashcards
Triacylglycerols are lipids. What is their primary function?
energy storage
Long term energy storage in fat cells. Used for thermal regulation
Phospholipids are lipids. What is their primary function?
Structural. (membranes)
Saturated fatty acids are ____ bonds. These types of bonds are also referred to as ___ bonds
Single, sigma
Sigma bonds can ___ freely whereas pi bonds cannot
rotate
Are saturated or unsaturated bonds preferred for storage? why?
saturated because they can pack tightly
saturated bonds mean ____ membrane fluidity
decreased (packed tightly so hard to move)
Unsaturated fatty acids are _____ or ____ bonds. They cannot have free rotation.
double or triple
Unsaturated bonds are preferred for _____ _______ because as temp drops they can increase their movement
energy production
unsaturated means ______ membrane fluidity
increased
______ fatty acids are preferred for energy production and ____ fatty acids are preferred for storage
unsaturated, saturated
Phospholipids have a ___ head group, ____ backbone, and fatty acid chains
polar, glycerol
Steroids always have ____ rings
4
Steroid hormones are made from ____
cholesterol
Lipoproteins consist of a lipid hydrophobic core (triacylglycerol and cholesterol) surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins. There are ___ major classes of lipoproteins
4
Chylomicrons are a type of lipoproteins that transfer lipids absorbed in the intestine to the rest of the body. They are from _____ lipids like fatty acids and cholesterol
dietary
Low density lipoproteins indicate what about fat and cholesterol in blood?
iindicate too much fat and cholesterol n blood
What type of lipoproteins indicates a healthy high protein-to-fat ratio?
High density lipoproteins (HDL)
Good cholesterol is carried by
HDL High Density Lipoproteins
Peptide bonds are formed during ___ at a cytosolic/rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosome.
translation
Proteins are a chain of amino acids linked together by a ___ bond
peptide
OF the 20 amino acids, ___ are essential which means they must be eaten
9
Each amino acid consists of a centra alpha carbon liked to a 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. Hydrogen 4. Side chains/R groups
Amino group NH3+
Carboxyl Group COOH
at low pH amino acids are ____ charged
postively NH3+ and COOH
at high pH amino acids are ____ charged
negatively NH2 and COO-
All amino acids are chiral except for ___
glycine R chain is H
All amino acids are S config except for ____ which is R
Cysteine
The 2 acidic amino acids are negative and pH 7. These have COO-
Aspartate (Asp, D) and Glutamate (GLU, E)
The 3 basic amino acids are.. and are positive at pH7. These are the ones with NH+
Lysine (Lys, K), Arginine (Arg, R), Histidine (His, H)
The three aromatic amino acids are
Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, T), and Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
Non polar amino acids have mostly carbon bonds and NH2 (amide)
Polar bonds have OH groups or SH
-ate indicates there is a carboxylic acid which is ____ and is acidic because it is negative at pH 7
COO-
Peptide bond is formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the ____ group of the other
carboxyl
The first amino added is the ___ terminus
N
The last amino acid added is the _____ terminus
carboxy
A peptide bond is a single bond but has partial double bond character
Primary structure refers to
the sequence of a.a connected in a polypeptide
Secondary structure refers to ___. R groups are not involved in determining secondary structure
folding
The tertiary structure results from _____ interactions
R group
The creation of a disulfide bridge is between 2 ____ creating 1
cysteines, cysteine
Quaternary structure is when proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain. A protein with two identical subunits is called a
homodimer
a heterodimer is a protein with two non-identical ____
subunits
Water surrounds a protein in a ______ layer
solvation
When a protein is denatured the only structure that remains is the ___ structure
primary
alpha linkages are below and beta linkages are ___
above
Glycogen are alpha linkages with branching Starch is alpha linkages with minimal branching. Cellulose has __ linkages with no branching
beta
D glucose is when the lowest OH group nearest the CH2OH group is on the right. L is the opposite where it is on the ___
left
