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MSK Exam 1 > Gastrulation and Fertilization > Flashcards

Gastrulation and Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Human Ovum

A 
Corona Radiata
Zona Pellucida 
Nucleus
Perivitelline Space-chemical reactions occur in this space
Plasma Membrane
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2
Q

Anatomy of the Human Sperm

A

Head: Acrosome (contains enzymes important for fertilization), and Nucleus
Neck
Tail: (flagella) Middle piece which contains the mitochondria
Principle Piece
End Piece

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3
Q

What day does ovulation occur

A

Day 14 same day as the start of the Fertilization or Ovulatory Calendar

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4
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

protioglycan meshwork

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5
Q

Where does fertilization occur

A

Occurs in the Ampula (distal 2/3) of the Ovarian Tube

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6
Q

Capacitation

A

remove the cap or the glycoprotein coat of the acrosome.

occurs in the uterus

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7
Q

Step 1 of fertilization

A

Capatication
passage of sperm through the corona radiata by releasing hyaluronidase via the acrosome
Movement of the sperm helps as well
tubomucosal proteins

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8
Q

Step 2 of fertilization

A

Penetration of the zona pellucida
Esterases, acrosin, neuraminidasse released from the acrosome
zona reaction

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9
Q

Zona Reaction

A

once one sperm gets through this reaction freezes the meshwork and blocks the polysperm

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10
Q

Step 3

A

Fusion of the sperm with the plasma membrane

sperm enters the oocyte cytoplasm

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11
Q

Step 4

A

Completion of the second Meiotic division
formation of male pronucleus
and fusion between the mae and female pronuclei

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12
Q

Blastomeres

A

Beginning of clevage and the cells that are made, 2, 4, 8

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13
Q

Clevage

A

begins 30 hours after fertilization
increase the cell number but not size,

day 3 generate the morula
and day 4 the morula enters the uterus

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14
Q

Blastocyst

A

day 5-7
cells go to one side and create the embryoblast (inner cell mass)

Blastocyst cavity (uterian fluid)
Tropoblast
degenerating zona pellucida

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15
Q

Tropoblast

A

is the stem cells for the placenta

release early pregnancy factor

give rise to Cytotrophoblast

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16
Q

When does implantation occur

A

day 6 as a blastocyst

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17
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

A

in vitro Fertilization and embryo transfer

Cyropreservation of Embryos

Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection

18
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

stem cells of the placenta and are the mitotically active cells
give rise to the Syncytiotrophoblast

19
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

multinuclear and no cell walls
secrete proteolytic enzymes, chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
responsible for implantation into endometrium of the uterus
and initial pregnancy signal. (day 6)

20
Q

Hydatidiform Mole

A

abnormal trophoblastic proliferation and excessive amounts of hCG

Complete- fertilization of an empty oocyte and duplication of the sperm, or from fertilization of an empty oocyte by two sperm

Partial- fertilization of a normal oocyte by two sperm

vaginal bleeding-prune juice
pelvic pressure and pain
enlarged uterus
hyperemesis gravidarum (morning sickness)

lead to Choriocarcinomas

21
Q

Week 2

A

two cell layer and a bilaminar disc
innercell mass gives rise to Epiblast-Ectoderm, aminon, and aminon cavity

and give rise to Hypoblast works as placeholder until week 3

22
Q

Hypoblast

A

gives rise to endoderm (extra embryonic)
Prechrdal plate: clonar cells which becomes future mouth
primary and secondary yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)
Extraembryonic mesoderm

23
Q

Primary yolk sac and secondary yolk sac

A

created by the lining of the trophoblast by the hypoblast that will create the primary yolk sac

the secondary yolk sac is created by the pinching of the primary yolk sac to make two sacs

the primary yolk sac will then degenerate

24
Q

Extaembryonic Coelom

A

Hollow cavity outside of the embryo

25
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

A

Lining the trophoblast covering the amnion

Connecting stalk: precursor to umbilical cord and forms at embryonic pole

Chorion: layer of placenta

26
Q

Extraembryonic Splanchnic Mesoderm

A

Lining of the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

Primitive blood: forms in wall of yolk sac

27
Q

Ectopic pregnancies

A

Abnormal implanting

Tubual pregnancy occurs in the Uterian Tube

Number one way mom bleeds to death in pregnancy

28
Q

Placenta Previa

A

Implantation is very close to internal Os of the Cervix

can be marginal: close to opening
Partial: covers some of the opening
Total: complete covering of the opening

Bleeding after 20 weeks suspect this

Dont perform a digital vaginal examination

29
Q

Week 3

A

Gasturlation and Neuralation creation of CNS, heart, and Circulatory system

usually when mom knows they are pregnant, missing of period

30
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of the 3 primary germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

31
Q

Primitive Streak

A

Primitive node at top
occurs in epiblast
migrating and proliferating and pushing down at the streak :

cells replace the hypoblast called endoderm and the cells that enter the middle are the mesoderm

mesoderm travels all over the layer

32
Q

Prechordal Plate and cloacal membrane are made up of what type of cells

A

ectoderm and endoderm

will not contain mesoderm

33
Q

Septum Transversum

A

starts in the rostral region

gives rise to the Diaphragm

34
Q

Cardiogenic area

A

Starts in the rostral region

gives rise to the heart

35
Q

Notochord

A

mesoderm in the midline

starts from the primitive node anterior to the prechordal plate

Template for the vertebral column

Induces the formation of the neural plat via SHH

Migrate from the primitive pit in cephalic dorection

go inbetween the ectoderm and endoderm and form a tube called the notochordal process

36
Q

Chordomas

A

slow going aggressive neoplasms of bone

arise from remnants of notochord

can occur in spheno-occipital regions of the skull and sacral region

37
Q

Allantois

A

posterior midline
endoderm
diverticulm from the wall of yolk sac, connective stalk

acts as template for umbilical arteries and veins

eventually becomes the urachus

38
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm

A

Somites:

give rise to muscle, skeleton and Dermis

39
Q

Intermediate Mesoderm

A

Urogenital, gives rise to kidneys and gonads

40
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

somatic layer: next to ectoderm

Splanchnic layer: lies next to endoderm, give rise to mesoderm supporting the organs

41
Q

Endoderm gives rise to?

A 
Lungs and trachea
GI tract
bladder
Thyroid gland
Tonsils
pharynx
42
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to?

A

Surface Ectoderm:

Neuroectoderm

MSK Exam 1 (26 decks)

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