development of the muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Myotome

A

Paraxial Mesoderm:

gives rise to all muscle except muscle in the eye

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2
Q

Sclerotome

A

Paraxial Mesoderm:

gives rise to the axial skeletone and cartilage

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3
Q

Dermatome

A

Paraxial Mesoderm:

give rise to dermis

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4
Q

Somites divisions

A

myotome
sclerotome
dermatome

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5
Q

Ventromedial part of the somite

A

Sclerotome

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6
Q

Dorsolateral part of the somite

A

Dermatome

myotome

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7
Q

what makes up the sclerotome

A
Cephalic Loose (upper)
Caudal dense (lower)
-packed mesenchymal cells
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8
Q

how are vertebral bodies formed

A

caudal half of sclerotome travels down to the cephalic 1/2 of the sclerotome moving up

caudal dense: gives rise to transverse processes and half the body and superior artivular process

cephalic loose: gives rise to half the body and spinous process and the inferior articular process

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9
Q

Nucleus pulposes

A

made from the notochord

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10
Q

Annulus Fibrosus

A

made from the fribrous tissue from the sclerotome

fibrocartilage

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11
Q

Ribs are mad from:

A

sclerotome cells that grow from the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

costal cartilage also from sclertome

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12
Q

sternum derived from:

A

develops from the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

made from ribs and then medially join from either side

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13
Q

what are hox genes

A

help give rise to the shape of the bones in the vertebrae

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14
Q

Hox 4/5 give rise to:

A

cervical vertebrae

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15
Q

Hox 6 give rise to:

A

Ribs and thoracic

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16
Q

Hox 9 give rise to:

A

floating ribs

17
Q

Hox 10 give rise to:

A

lumbar vertebrae

18
Q

Hox 11 give rise to:

A

sacral vertebrae

19
Q

Caudalization and examples

A

gain of function

transforms the vertebrae to look similar to the vertebrae below

Hox 6 in the cervical region to look like thoracic and have ribs

hox 10 in the thoracic cregion to look like lumbar vertebrae

20
Q

Cranialization and examples

A

loss of function

vertebrae look like the ones above them

Hox4 loss gives rise to c2-C5 looking like C1

Hox 5 loss makes c3-t2 to look like C2

Hox 10 loss makes Lumbar to look like thoracic vertebrae

21
Q

Cervical rib

A

abnormality where there is a rib in the cervical region and contributes to thoracic outlet syndrome

subclavian artery or brachial plexus is compressed usually occurs in the inferior trunk can cause hand issues

22
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

sternum protrusion

Pigeon chest

happens at puberty

23
Q

Pectus Excavatum

A

funnel chest
can displace heart
can exercise intolerance

24
Q

two regions of Myotome

A

Epimere and hypomere

25
Epimere
gives rise to epiaxial muscles innervated by posterior rami ex: intrinsic muscles on the back dorsal on the dermomyotome form extensor muscles and vertebral column
26
Hypomere
gives rise to hypaxial muscles gives rise to flexors of the trunks and into the limbs innervated by ventral rami ventral on the dermomyotome cervical myotome thoracic myotome lumbar myotome sacrococcygeal myotome
27
limb myoblasts
hypomere Dorsal: posterior compartments extensors and innervated by terminal branches of the posterior cord Ventral: anterior compartments, flexors and pronators innervated by the terminal branches of the lateral and medial cords
28
Poland syndrome
improper migration of the hypoaxial absence of pectoralis major and minor and sometimes loss of trapezius, serratus anterior, pamaris longus syndactyly: webbing of fingers ipsilateral breast hypoplasia absence of 2 to 4 ribs
29
Prune belly syndrome
abnormal migration of the hypoaxial muscles and the abnormality migration of the intermediate mesoderm partial or complete absence of the abdominal musculature cryptochidism: failure of one or both testes to descend malformation of the urinary tract and bladder urethral obstruction