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T1 PHYSIOLOGY > GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of Digestion?

A

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

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2
Q

Describe Mechanical Digestion.

A

Tongue, teeth, stomach, and sm. intestine mix/cut/churn food

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3
Q

Describe Chemical Digestion.

A

Enzymes secreted from salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, and sm. intestine breakdown nutrients

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4
Q

Mastication means?

A

Chewing

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5
Q

Deglutition means?

A

Swallowing

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6
Q

Emesis means?

A

Vomiting

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7
Q

Gustation means?

A

Taste

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8
Q

Where is the Parotid Gland located?

A

Inferior-anterior to ear. Between skin and masseter.

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9
Q

Where is the Submandibular Glands located?

A

Floor of mouth

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10
Q

Where is the Sublingual Glands located?

A

Beneath tongue

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11
Q

What is Bolus?

A

Soft, flexible mass (chewed food)

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12
Q

Describe the function of the Pharynx (Throat)?

A

Contractions moves bolus from mouth, to pharynx, to esophagus

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of Esophagus.

A

Collapsible tube running from pharynx, through diaphragm, to stomach. - secrets mucous and moves bolus

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14
Q

What is the ‘Esophageal Hiatus’?

A

A hole in the Diaphragm where the Esophagus runs through

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15
Q

Define Peristalsis.

A

Wave-like contractions moving bolus from esophagus to anus

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16
Q

What are the structures controlling food passage in the Upper Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Pharynx into Esophagus

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17
Q

What are the structures controlling food passage in the Lower Esophageal Sphincter?

A

Esophagus into Stomach

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18
Q

The GI Tract extend from ____________ to __________.

A

Lower Esophagus to Anal Canal

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19
Q

List the layers of the GI Tract walls. (deep to superficial)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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20
Q

Describe the Mucosa layer of GI Tract.

A

Mucous membrane consisting of:

  • Epithelium (secrets)
  • Lamina Propria (absorbs)
  • Muscularis Musoca (contraction)
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21
Q

Describe the Submucosa layer of GI Tract.

A
  • Nutrient transport with blood/lymph vessels

- GI control from Enteric N.S

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22
Q

Describe the Muscularis layer of GI Tract.

A

Contain Circular and Longitudinal Fibres causing contractions controlled by Enteric N.S

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23
Q

Describe the Serosa/Visceral Peritoneum layer of GI Tract.

A

Outermost layer of organs in abdominal cavity

24
Q

Describe the Peritoneum.

A

Large folds that bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

25
Q

What are the two layers of Peritoneum?

A
  • Visceral Peritoneum/Serosa

- Parietal Layer

26
Q

What is the space in between the Peritoneum layers?

A

Peritoneal Cavity

27
Q

What are Retroperitoneal?

A

Peritoneum layer covering organs on the anterior side

28
Q

Where is the Stomach located?

A

Below Diaphagrm - Runs from esophagus to sm.intestine

29
Q

Define Chyme.

A

Soupy mix of food in the stomach

30
Q

Where do food particles pass through once they are small enough?

A

Pyloric Sphincter into Sm.Intestine

31
Q

What do Mucous Neck cells in the stomach secret?

32
Q

What do Parietal cells in the stomach secret?

A

Intrinsic factor and HCI

33
Q

What do Chief cells in the stomach secret?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

34
Q

What do G Cells in the stomach secret?

35
Q

What is the function of Gastrin?

A
  • Gastrin juice production
  • LES contractions
  • Increase stomach peristalsis
  • Relaxes pyloric sphincter
36
Q

What additional layer does the stomach have to facilitate mixing?

A

Oblique layer of smooth muscle

37
Q

List the order of the 3 regions of the Sm.Intestine.

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

38
Q

What are the Circular Folds in the Sm.Intestine?

A

Ridges in Mucosa/Submucosa increasing surface area

39
Q

Define Villi.

A

Finger-like projection covered in epithelium, increasing surface area

40
Q

What is the function of Absorptive cells?

A

Digestion/Absorption

41
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells?

42
Q

What is the function of Paneth cells?

A

Kill bacteria

43
Q

What is the function of Enteroendocrine?

A

Secrete hormones

44
Q

Define Microvilli.

A

Brush border found in Absorptive cells

45
Q

What does each Villus contain?

A

Arteriole / Venule / Lacteal

46
Q

What is Chyme mixed with in the Sm.Intestine?

A

Intestinal and Pancreatic Juices

47
Q

Where do absorbed nutrients in the Sm.Intestine pass into?

A

Blood stream to Liver
Lymphatics (lipids) via Lacteal
Ileocecal Valve/Sphincter to Lg.Intestine

48
Q

What are the two functions of the Pancreas?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

49
Q

Define the Exocrine function.

A

Secretes Pancreatic Juices into Duodenal Lumen

50
Q

Pancreatic Juice are secreted into the Duodenum via 2 main ducts:

A
  • Common Duct formed by Pancreatic Duct joining Bile Duct

- Accessory Duct

51
Q

What passes through the Hepatic Artery?

A

Oxygenated blood

52
Q

What passes through the Hepatic Portal Vein?

A

Deoxygenated blood containing nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins

53
Q

What is the function of Hepatocyte (Liver Cells).

A
  • Absorb oxygen/nutrients/toxins
  • Release nutrients
  • Make/secrete bile
54
Q

If low blood pressure is present, hepatocytes will…

A

Breakdown glycogen and release into blood

55
Q

If high blood pressure is present, hepatocytes will…

A

Remove glucose from blood and store it

T1 PHYSIOLOGY (17 decks)

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