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Biology pharmacy cvs > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is included in the Gi system

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

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2
Q

what are the accessory organs

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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3
Q

what are the different nerves?

A

enteric: they are visceral plexuses within gut wall which control muscles, glands with sensory info

autonomic: it speeds or slows system eg sympathetic and parasymphatetic

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4
Q

what are smooth muscle

A

not striated
they’ve got 1 central nucleus
they are spindle shaped cells
There are two type of smooth muscle cells:
multiunit and single unit

in multi unit the cells are more separated and they contract on their own
in single unit they work as one unit so when one contract the other does as well.
Both of multi and single unit cells consist of autonomic nerves

smooth muscle are involuntary muscles and multi unit responds to mainly neutral stimuli.
the main location theyre found is in the eye , walls of vessels, digestive tubes

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5
Q

what is mesentry?

A

a mesentry is one of the fold of the peritoneum
peritoneium is divided into to categories parietal and visceral . mesentry is related to the parietal part .
it holds organs in place
its sites of fat storage
also provide blood and
lymph to guts

theres to ventral mesentries:
falciform
lesser omentum

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6
Q

what is the structure of the mouth?

A

the mouth is known as the oral cavity
and it is lined with thick stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

what muscle are the lips made up of?

A

orbilcularis oris muscle

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8
Q

cheeks muscle?

A

buccinator muscle

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9
Q

what is the vermillion border?

A

between highly keratinized skin of face and mucosa of mouth, needs moisture

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10
Q

what is the palate

A

roof of the mouth contains soft anteriorly and hard palate posterioly

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11
Q

what is tongue ?

A

tongue is made up of mostly muscles
the tongue grips and repositions food
it forms a lump of food
which helps in swallowing
it also is needed for speech , taste buds and back of tongue is for lingual tonsil.

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12
Q

what are the teeth for ?

A

teeth are in the sockets of the gum
they are used for chewing
as human we have total of 32 teeth

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13
Q

what are teeth classified under?

A

incisors chopping of pieces
canines to tear and pierce
premolars and molars for grinding

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14
Q

what are the two main regions of the teeth?

A

crown - exposed and root- in the socket

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15
Q

what is enamel?

A

its hard and 99% calcium crystals

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16
Q

what is dentin?

A

its the bulk of the teeth the top bit it contains mineral and collagen

17
Q

what is the pulp cavity

A

it contains blood vessels and nerves

18
Q

whats the root canal?

A

its a part of the pulp of the root

19
Q

what is the cementum?

A

its the bone layer of tooths root
it attaches the tooth to peridontal ligament

20
Q

what is the peridontal ligament?

A

anchors the tooth in boney socket of the jaw

21
Q

what is plaque?

A

its a film of sugar bacteria and debris

22
Q

what is saliva ?

A

its a mixture of water, ions mucus and enzymes .
the function is to keep the mouth moist
helps with dissolving food
and helps with enzyme disgestion

23
Q

what is the intrinsic salivary glands

A

they are within mucousa secrete saliva all the time to keep mouth moist

24
Q

what is the extrinsic salivary glands?

A

it ducts to mouth and secretes saliva only right before or during eating
they are also paired

25
Q

pharnyx

A

nasopharnyx
oropharnyx
laryngopharnyx
sits on top of the trachea

26
Q

esophagus

A

its a muscular tube and descends through thorax
its passes through esophagus hernia to enter the abdomen

27
Q

what is the stomach ?

A

it is the widest part of the GI canal
this is where the temporary breakdown storage and mixing happens for 4 hrs
it breaks down food
it contains pepsin and HCL
most nutrients get absorbed in the small intestine except some like water, aspirin etc

28
Q

what is the position of stomach

A

mostly left upper quadrant and its inferior to the diaphram and infront of spleen and pancreas.

the first part of the stomach is the cardiac region
the roof of the stomach is the fundus
then the body of the stomach the body of the stomach contains the lesser curvature and greater curvature
and then the pyloric area it has 3 regions antrum , canal and sphincter

29
Q

histology of the stomach

A

the stomach looks like a honey comb structure due to many gastric pits

in the gastric pit
there is
the chief cells- they produce pepsinogen and gets activated by Hcl it makes pepsin and pepsin breaks down proteins

parietal cells- they produce hcl acid and it denatures protien
it releases a intrinsic factor to produce B12 vitamin which produce red blood cells

mucous neck cells produce mucus

30
Q

what is the small intestine?

A

longest part of the GI canal
small intestine has 3 parts
duodenum
jejunum
ileum

duodenum is the very first part of the small intestine its the 5% of the length
duodenum receives bile from liver and gallbaldder via bile duct
it also receives enzymes from pancreas via pancreatic duct

jejunum : is the 40 % of the intestine , it contains villi

ileum longest portion 60% contains villi but not as many
as you move across the intestine the villi diminish

31
Q

what is Gi made up of the layers?

A

GI tract is made up of 4 layers

  1. Mucosa: the internal layer, it contains epithelium cells lamina propria and muscallaris mucosa
    2: Sub mucosa: this contains loose connective tissue and is in blod, vessels nerve, fibres
  2. musclarisis externa: made of two muscle layer , inner circular layer which wrap around the hollow tube so when it contract it narrows the inside of the tube
    also the outer longitudinal layer which shorten the tube
    4: senosa/ adventitia: this is the external layer which are lined with epithelial cells
32
Q

disgestion process?

A
  1. ingestion: chew food
    2.secretion: secretes substances enzymes and mucus
    3.propulsion: mixing , movement of food and pushing through the trachea
    4.mechanical digestion- physical , using teeth in the mouth
    5.chemical digestion- using enzymes
    6.absorption- absorbed in blood stream and fats in lymphatic system
  2. elimination- faeces , eliminating indigestible substances
33
Q

what is chemical disgestion:

A

this the breakdown of complex molecules such as proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Proteins will be converted to amino acids
lipids will be converted to glycerol and fatty acids
Carbohydrates into glucose

chemical digestion happens in few places
the first place it happens is the mouth - carbohydrates absorbed and saliva released
then the stomach- proteases are release for protein digestion, pepsionogen is activated by hcl and it makes pepsin will breaks down proteins into amino acids .

34
Q

what is large intestine for?

A

this is to absorb water and electrolytes small than SI but more wider
they are made up of
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal.

it has no villi so no nutrients absorbed

35
Q

what is the liver? and its functions?

A

liver produces bile
largest internal organ
located on the right side of the body under the lower ribs
it has four lobes of unequal sides

hepatic artery supplies liver with oxygenated blood
portal vein beings nutrients to the liver
so portal vein and hepatic is attached to every single corner of the hexagnal lobules
the portal vein carrying high nutrients and hepatic artery come together and drain together.

sinasoid has mixed in blood and it has gaps in the sinasoid which lets substances out , so the mixed in blood will also leave the sinasoid
when they leave the sinasoid
it forms a hepatocytes cell
the fluid leaving the sinasoid and endothelial cells gets taken up by the hepatocytes but heptaocytes also released substance into the area of disse , it goes in both directions.

liver has many lobules which are hexagnol in shape
gall bladder is connected with the liver

36
Q

function of gall bladder?

A

it stores biles produces by the liver and is located below the liver
biles helps with dissolving fat and cholestrol

37
Q

pancreas

A

its located in left upper quadrant behind stomach
helps with exocrine and endocrine digestion
it contains acinar cells which help with fat digestion and produce pancreatic juice

Biology pharmacy cvs (12 decks)

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