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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 components of CVS

A

blood, vessels, heart
blood: is distributed around the body and transports substanced
vessels: tubes around body which the blood flows through
heart : pumps blood to generate pressure, blood flows through the vessels from high pressure to low pressure

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2
Q

hearts and chambers of animals/ humans

A

fish : 2 chambers
insect simple heart
humans 4 chambers 2 sides left and right

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3
Q

What IS blood?

A

blood contains solid and liquid components

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4
Q

what is the function of blood?

A

blood brings O2 and nutrients inside the body to the tissues and removes CO2 and waste products from the body

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5
Q

quantity of blood in humans

A

humans have 8% of blood by body weight and contains around 4-5 litres of blood in adults

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6
Q

results found if blood is put in a centrifuge

A

there will be 55% plasma
1% buffy coat ( leukocyte and platelets
45 erthyrocytes

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7
Q

what is plasma?

A

plasma is a straw colour fluid contains of proteins and dissolved salts
water: 90% plasma volume
proteins 8% by weight eg albumin , enzymes etc

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8
Q

where are plasma proteins made

A

they are mostly made in liver apart from antibodies and hormones

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9
Q

what is albumin

A

60% of proteins , it is a major contributor to oncotic(osmosis ) pressure which helps keep water inside the blood

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10
Q

what is electrolytes

A

helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure and and normal blood ph

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11
Q

what are leukocytes

A

help to defend against diseases if required they can leave the circulation and reinter into tissue to fight invading bacteria, viruses , parasite toxins and tumour cells

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12
Q

what is a type of leukocyte?

A

granulocytes, have a lobed nuclei , they have a cytoplasmic granules which can easily be stained

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13
Q

what are 3 examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils , eosinophils and basophils

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13
Q

what is a neutrophil?

A

most numerous and contain granules of peroxidases hydrolytic enzymes as well as defensins. they are attached to sites of inflammation engulf invading cells .

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14
Q

what is an eosinophil?

A

they do not contain enzymes that specifically targets bacteria.instead they are focused on attacking parasitic worms egs tapeworms, flukes etc.
they are too big to engulf so they gather around the worm and release the attacking enzyme to the parasites surface.

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15
Q

what is a basophil?

A

contain large amounts of histamines. this dilates arterioles, increases post capillary venule permeability and attracts other leukocytes to the area.

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16
Q

what is agranulocytes

A

this is lymphocytes and monocytes which lack cytoplasmic granules

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17
Q

what is a lymphpcyte?

A

they are found in lymph nodes, they usually exist in large number but only a small portion of them are found in the blood
t- lymphocytes:active against virus and tumours
b-lymphocytes: form plasma cells to produce antibodies.

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18
Q

what is a monocyte?

A

they leave the blood and enter the tissues to form macrophages and will then invade viruses and bacteria

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19
Q

what are platelets? and its structure

A

they are important in clotting, they activate to form a plug to reduce bleeding.
they are tiny, no nucleus and made from fragments of larger cells called megakarocytes.

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20
Q

what do platelets contain-

A

-contain granules composed of 5HT( SEROTONIN) causes vasoconstrictions
-ADP
-PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR
-CA2+ IONS AND ENZYMES

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21
Q

How do they platelets function?

A

when they are activated , they will adhere to the breached or damaged area of blood vessels. will also release molecules that activate other platelets , so they will try and plug up the breach.
will then release the 5ht which causes vasoconstriction, the blood flow will reduce in the damaged vessel.
they also have smooth muscle so after a while they will contract drag the damaged edges of vessels closer together.

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22
Q

what is an erythrocytes?

A

-biconcave discs with no nuclei
they are packed with haemoglobin
-they have a shape which gives them the large surface area:volume ratio to help with gas exchange.
-Heamaglobin binds to 4 molecules of O2. one erythrocytes contain 250 million molecules of Hb so it can carry upto one billion o2 molecules.

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23
Q

what is a systemic circulation?

A

this is blood vessels which supply to all parts of the body , except for the lungs

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24
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

blood vessels carrying blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart..

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25
Q

vessels , what are they?

A

they are tubes which carry blood away from or towards the heart, helps blood to circulate around the body

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26
Q

structure of vessels

A
  1. tunica adventitia( external this is the outer layer which is made up of strong connective tissue and resists pressure
  2. tunica media: the middle layer of smooth muscle which dilates and constricts
    3.tunica intera: the interal layer of membrane which helps blood to flow smoothly
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27
Q

what is an artery?

A

carries blood under high pressure and mostly carries oxygenated blood. pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs .

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28
Q

structure of arteries?

A

thick walls , due to thick layers of tunica media and adventitia. only contains 25% volume of blood in the body.
due to its elastic nature and smooth muscle content of the tunica media it allows for distention to acomodate pulsatile blood flow and control of lumen diameter.

29
Q

what does constriction cause
what does dilation cause to the blood flow?

A

constriction: reduced blood flow
dilation: increased blood flow

30
Q

what does the poiseuille formula show?

A

it shows that only small changes in vessel radius results in larger changes in blood flow

31
Q

what is the function of vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

they direct blood flow to different parts of the body

32
Q

two types of arteries

A

elastic artery : largest diameter , nearest the heart, thick elastic layer, recoil keeps blood flowing between beats
muscular artery:between elastic arteries and capillaries, has a smooth muscle which is able to relax or contract, controls flow of blood through capillary bed.

33
Q

what are arterioles?

A

Arterioles are very small arteries that form smaller vessels then divide to form capillaries
they have walls which can withstand blood pressure and contain smooth muscle
the sympathetic nervous system regulates the contraction and dilation of arterioles - these are important controllers of blood flow through organs and tissues.

34
Q

what are cappilaries?

A

thin walled vessels
only one cell thick , made up of endothelial cells and basement membrane
capillaries have a narrow lumen , less that the diameter of erthyrocyte, so it maximises the area of contact between the two
exchange occurs between and tissue here

35
Q

different between endothelial and epithelial?

A

endothelial is single layer of cells that lines the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

epithelial cover the external surface of the body and line hollow structures

36
Q

what are venules?

A

they are tiny vessels that drain blood from the capillaries.

37
Q

when do post capillary venules form

A

post capillary venules form when two or more capillaries join together
walls are mostly endothelial with just a few fibroblasts.
fluid and leukocytes can easily pass through the walls
many venules join together to form vein

38
Q

what is a vein?

A

carry blood under low pressure
and mostly carry deoxygenated blood
pulmonary vein carried oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

39
Q

structure of veins?

A

veins have a larger lumen and thinner walls
75% of blood volume
veins are capacitance( increasing the blood volume withought increasing the pressure) vessels. they have a little effect of the peripheral resistance but have an infleunce in cardiac output through controlling the volume of blood returned to the heart

40
Q

pressure of veins , and the tunica structres?

A

as they have low pressure , their tunica adventitia is thin and doesnt have a connective tissue ,
tunica media is also thin
,i t does contain smooth muschle which can contract and dilate.
tunica interna of most veins hava semi lunar valves which assist with venous return by stopping blood flwoing backwards

41
Q

what is venous return?

A

venous pressure is rather low so theres a few factors which can help with venous return

1) respiratory pump:during breathing , the pressure changes within , as the chest draws blood in towards the heart. Inhalation caused intra thoracic pressure to decrease as it expands the thoracic veins to speed delivery to the right atrium.
inhalation also increases abdominal pressure, squeezing veins gs to force blood towards the heart it prevents backflow

2) muscle pump: contracts skeletal muscle around a vein and presses on the vessel wall to propel blood towards the heart.

42
Q

how many part to lymphatic system

A

2 parts
lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue important for defence responses

43
Q

explaim more about lymphatic system?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries through the arteriole end and most of this is reabsorbbed around the venous end.

44
Q

how to maintain dynamics?

A

to maintain dynamics, the lymphatic vessels collect any excess fluid and returns it back to the blood , once inside the lymphatic vessel the fluid gets called lymph.

45
Q

how does the lymphatic system operate?

A

lymphatic vessels form a one way drainage system where lymph flows back to the heart.

lymphatic capillaries unite to form collecting vessels.and these unite to form trunks and then finally form into ducts.

collecting vessels= have the same 3 walls as the veins but walls are much more thinner
lymphatic vessels have more valves than veins.

46
Q

structure of lymph capillaries

A

they are very porous and blind ended and found is most issues, the edges of their endothelialc ells loosley overlap each other forming flap like one way valves

47
Q

what does the right and left lymphatic duct drain?

A

the right lymphatic ducts drains the right side of the head, neck, right arm and right side of the thorax
left side the bigger thoracic duct drains the rest of the body

48
Q

what is Bp?

A

BLOOD PRESSURE, drives blood flow around the cardiovascular system, blood flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
bp is systemic arterial blood pressure
arteries have high pressure then capillaries and then veins

49
Q

what the normal Bp and the name of the numbers?

A

normal=120/80
120= systolic
80 diastolic

50
Q

formual for blood pressure

A

Blood Pressure = Blood Flow x Vessel Resistance

51
Q

what is peripherial resistance?

A

it is the opposition to blood flow

52
Q

3 factors which contribute to peripheral resistance?

A
  1. blood vessel length- longer vessels have increased resistance
    2.blood viscoscity- thicker blood has more resistance to flow
    3.blood vessel diameter-vasoconctricted vessels have more resistance and vasodilated vessels have less resistance
53
Q

control of bp. how its controlled

A

hypotension ( low)and hypertension (high) Bp are not good so regualtion is needed.
cardiovascular centre in the medule oblongoata controls Bp by altering cardiac output and blood vessel diameter

54
Q

how is info about bp recieved?

A

the Cardiovascular centre receives info about the Bp from baroreceptors

55
Q

what is a baroreceptor?

A

is a sensory nerve that are sensitive to stretch and monitor changes in the BP.

56
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

they are found in the cartoid sinuses and aortic arch and walls also large arteries, veins and heart.
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch send signals
via the aortic nerve which combines with the
vagus (X) to the medulla oblongata.
The medulla oblongata adjusts autonomic
activity to modify Cardiac Output (cardiac
centre) and peripheral resistance
(vasomotor control)
So, increased BP ought to reduce
vasoconstriction and CO.

57
Q

equations for bp

A

BP = HR x SV x TPR
treatment of hypertension

58
Q

location of the heart?

A

heart is in the mediastinium between the lungs, posterior to the sternum , arteior to the spine, aorta and slightly left of midline

59
Q

heart sides

A

has two sides left and right
right side-
suppliedspulmonary circulation
recieves blood from vena cava
pumps blood into pulmonary artery

left-
supplies systemin circulation
recives blood from pulmonary veing
pumpls blood into aorta

60
Q

how blood flows through the heart?

A

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava deliver deoxygenated blood into the heart.
superior vena cava = delivers blood into the heart from superior part of the body the head and upper parts
inferiour = delivers blood from the inferior parts of the body
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
aorta carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
pulmonary artery = carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs

61
Q

the blood flow through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood enter the heart through the vena cava and blood going into the right atrium then tricuspid valve opend blood goes to the right ventricle and then it goes out through the pulmonary artery ( deoxygenated blood)to the lungs.
the blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs and the comes through the pulmonary vein into the heart , goes to left atrium bicuspif valve opens goes to left ventricle and the blood is supplied to the full body through the aorta.

62
Q

why is the left side of heart thicker

A

as it supplied blood to all parts of the body where as right side only y supplied blood to the lungs

63
Q

the muscle tissues?

A

skeletal:it is under voluntarily control and usually attached to bone, a single fibre is usually long and parallel to its neighbour.
cardiac: involuntary controls, fibres are branches and their ends attach to each other with intercalated discs that contain gap junctions for quick conduction of action potential.
smooth : non striated , thcik fribres in middle and taper towards each end , involuntary control.

64
Q

electrical conductivity of the heart

A

SAN sino atrial node is in the right atrium which beat more often than the rest of the muscle, casues whole heart to beat - this rhythym is influenced by autonomic nervous system

65
Q

what is the san composed of?

A

it is composed of the self excitatory cells, which depolarize rhytmically, causing depolarisation to spread throught surrouding atrial tissue and to the AVN atrioventircular node

action potential then flows down the bundle of his and purkinjee fibres to cause ventricular contraction

66
Q

how do ventricle begin contracting?

A

ventricles begin contracting from the bottom apex which forces blood up and through the semi lunar valves

67
Q

cardiac cycle

A

p=ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATATION
R=VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
T= VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATI

68
Q

HEART SOUND

A

the heart makes the sound of LUB DUB
LUB IS THE FIRST SOUND AND HALF WAY THROUGHT THE SYSTOLE , IT REPRESENTS THE CLOSING OF ATRIO VENTRICULAR VALVES

DUB= ITS THE SECOND SOUND WHICH SHOWS THE END OF SYSTOLE
AND CLOSING OF SEMI LUNAR VALVES

69
Q

CARDIAC CONTRACTION CYCLE in diastole and systole?

A

in diastole:heart is relaxed , blood enters atria and ventricles , the atrial blood pressure s low systemic pressure 80mmhg pulmonary 20

systole. heart contracts, atria pumpls blood into ventricles and ventricles pump blood into the atria .
atrial pressure is high
systemic at 120mmhs
pulmonary 40mmhg

Biology pharmacy cvs (12 decks)

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