Gas Exchange Flashcards
the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells.
Gas Exchange
When a patient is diagnosed with a Upper Respiratory Infection, what structures could be included?
Mouth, Nose, Pharynx (Throat), and Larynx (Voice box)
Lack of oxygen
Hypoxia
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
When a patient has a Lower Respiratory Infection, what structures could be included?
Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Pulmonary capillary network, Pleural membranes
Limited amount of oxygen in the blood
Hypoxemia
Restricted blood flow or blood supply to an organ or another part of the body
Ischemia
Process of oxygen passively diffusing from the alveoli to the blood, where the oxygen attaches to the hemoglobin or dissolves in the plasma.
Oxygenation
Oxygenated blood is transferred to the _____ while deoxygenated blood is transferred to the _____.
Capillaries; Lungs
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Lungs inhale—the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward; additonally, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.
The process of Inspiration
In a mild impairment of respiratory distress, what are some signs and symptoms?
Increased Respiratory Rate and/or Increased Heart Rate
When the lungs exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out.
The process of expiration
97% of Oxygen is dissolved in _____ while 3% of Oxygen is diffused in _____
Hemoglobin; Plasma
In a severe case of respiratory distress, what are some signs and symptoms?
Ischemia, Necrosis, Acidosis
Smoking, Chronic Respiratory Conditions (COPD, CF), altered mental state, Neurologic Disorders are all
Risk Factors
What populations are at greatest risk for respiratory distress/illness/condition?
Children (mainly newborns and infants) and Older Adults1
What are some reasons why older adults are at risk?
Slight increase in respiratory rate
Less blood flow to alveoli
anatomical and physiolgical changes (Weaker respiratory muscles, Reduced effectiveness of cough, Reduced gag reflexes)
What are some reasons why children are most at risk?
Irregular respiratory patterns, Infants are nose breathers until 3 months, Abdominal breathing until age 5-7, More prone to airway collapse and blockage, Higher oxygen demand
Higher risk of respiratory failure
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (functional lung tissue) resulting from a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
Pnuemonia
What are some mild/moderate signs of pnuemonia?
Fever, Low oyxgen saturation, Tachypnea, Tachycardia
What are some severe signs and symptoms of pnuemonia?
Respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths per minute
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg)
Heart rate greater than 125 beats per minute
Body temperature less than 95°F (35°C) or greater than 104°F (40°C
What lab test measures for alkaosis or acidosis?
Artierial blood gas
What tests are available for ruling out pnuemonia?
Chest X-Ray, sputium culture, CT scan, etc.
Infection Control, Smoking Cessisation, and Immunizations are all considered
Primary Preventions
What is the purpose of an Incentive Spirometer?
encourage deep breathing
lung expansion and mucus clearance
allows people to retrain their lungs to take slower and fuller breaths and optimize ventilation
Delivers up to 6L/min of Oxygen; most common, most comfortable, less expensive
Nasal Cannula
Short term oxygen; mainly used during transport
Oxygen face mask
Simple mask with reservoir bag attached, Reservoir bag filled with oxygen, Delivers 50%-75% oxygen to patient
Partial Rebreather Mask
One-way valves between mask and bag, One-way valves on side of mask, Prevents rebreathing of CO2, Delivers 90% oxygen to patient
Nonrebreather Mask
Most accurate oxygen concentration, Oxygen concentration 24%-60%
Venturti Mask
Indicated for high-humidity oxygen concentration; Post upper airway surgery
Aerosol Mask
Facial trauma, Burns, Upper airway surgery
Face Tent
Delivers heated and humidified medical gas; Up to 60 L/min
High flow Nasal Cannula
Deilvers oxygenated air into your airways through a mask and a tube. The pressurized air prevents your airways from collapsing, which allows you to breathe continuously while you sleep
CPAP (Continuous Postive Airway Pressure) Machine
Increase the pressure when you inhale to keep the airways in the nose and throat from closing while you are sleeping, and provide a lower pressure during exhalation that continues to maintain an open airway.
BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)
What class of drug activates the beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation?
Adrenergics/Bronchodilators
What are some adrenergic bronchildilators?
Albuterol Formoterol Levalbuterol Salmeterol Terbutaline
What are adrenergic bronchildilators used for?
Asthma
What are some adverse reactions to adrenergic bronchodilators?
tachycardia
palpitations
cough
migraine
