Fungi & Lichen

Question 1

What are biologists who study fungi called

Answer 1

Mycologist

Question 2

What was the ancestor of fungi? (4)

Answer 2

Aquatic

single-celled

flagellated

protist

Question 3

How was the ancestor of fungi determined? (3)

Answer 3

examing phylogenetic tree

looking at descendants of closest relatives of fungi

comparing DNA sequence of unikonts

Question 4

What characteristics do all fungi share? (5)

Answer 4

Heterotrophs

absorbs nutrients through external digestion

grow hyphae- multicellular filaments

cell walls made of polysaccharide and chitin

produce spores

Question 5

What do the Chytrids represent? (2)

Answer 5

a paraphyletic group that radiated early

includes unicellular and multicellular fungi

Question 6

What do chytrids produce?

Answer 6

zoospores- flagellated spores

Question 7

Where are chytrids found>

Answer 7

freshwater and moist soil

Question 8

What do zygomycetes include?

Answer 8

paraphyletic group of mold and parasitic or commensal fungi

Question 9

What do Zygomycetes produce?

Answer 9

zygosporangia when environmental conditions deteriorate

Question 10

What are zygosporangia?

Answer 10

haploid nuclei resistant from freezing and drying

Question 11

What is included in Glomeromycetes?

Answer 11

monophyletic group of fungi that are mutualists with plants

Question 12

How do Glomeromycetes (5) and plants (2) benefit each other?

Answer 12

fungi provides fixed nitrogen from the soil, phosphorus, rootlet size and longevity, protection from disease, and improved water uptake

plant provides a competition-free habitat and carbon

Question 13

What are arbuscular mycorrhizae?

Answer 13

tree-like fungal hyphae formed by glomeromycetes

Question 14

What do ascomycetes include?

Answer 14

monophyletic group of sac/cup fungi

Question 15

Where do spores in ascomycetes get produced?

Answer 15

sac-like asci through meiosis

Question 16

Where does the asci develop?

Answer 16

in the ascocarp- fruiting structure of an ascomycete

Question 17

What is the ascocarp often confused for?

Answer 17

mushrooms

Question 18

How do ascomycetes reproduce?

Answer 18

asexually to produce spores called conidia

Question 19

What mold is found on bread, and what is unique about it?

Answer 19

Neurospora crassa

its entire genome has been sequenced

Question 20

What do basidiomycetes include?

Answer 20

monophyletic group of mushrooms, aka basidocarpp

Question 21

Where is the basidia found, and what does it produce after what?

Answer 21

Line gills or pores of mushrooms

4 haploid cells after karyogamy and meiosis

Question 22

How are basidiospores dispersed, and what does it do after germinating?

Answer 22

wind

grow hyphae and form a haploid mycelium

Question 23

What does that haploid mycelium do?

Answer 23

find another haploid mycelium fo opposite type to mate and merge and undergo plasmogamy

Question 24

What does plasmogamy result in?

Answer 24

diploid mycelium, which produces a basidiocarp

Question 25

What is lichen?

Answer 25

symbiotic association between a fungus- usually an ascomycete, green algae or cyanobacteria, and yeast- basidiomycete

Question 26

What does each organism in the lichen do?

Answer 26

cyanobacteria/green algae- provide food through photosynthesis

fungi- produce hyphae to hold the structure together

yeast- embedded in the cortex/skin and used to deter predators and microbes

Question 27

What is the common black bread mold called, and what type of fungus is it?

Answer 27

Rhizopus stolonifera

zygomycetes

Question 28

How are black mold produced, and what disperses it?

Answer 28

sexual reproduction

wind