Fungal Infections

Question 1

risk factors for mucocutaneous candidiasis

Answer 1

antibiotic use,
moist areas,
inhalation steroids,
neonates <3 months

Question 2

presenting symptoms of primary immunodeficiency disorders

Answer 2

neutropenia,
low cd4+ t-cells,
impaired IL-17 immunity

Question 3

invasive candidiasis risk factors?

Answer 3

antibiotics,
intravascular catheters,
total parenteral nutrition,
abdominal surgery

Question 4

invasive candidiasis investigations

Answer 4

blood culture,
beta-d-glucan high NPV,
PCR

Question 5

transmission of aspergillus and aspergillosis

Answer 5

spores,
airborne,
inhalation

Question 6

classifications of pulmonary aspergillus disease

Answer 6

acute invasive,
chronic,
allergic

Question 7

risk factors acute invasive pulmonary aspergillus disease

Answer 7

neutropenic,
post transplant,
defect in phagocytes

Question 8

risk factors chronic pulmonary aspergillus disease

Answer 8

underlying chronic lung disease

Question 9

risk factors allergic pulmonary aspergillus disease

Answer 9

CF,

asthma

Question 10

pathology of acute invasive pulmonary aspergillus

Answer 10

pyogranulomatous infiltrates,
tissue necrosis,
excessive inflammation

Question 11

acute invasive pulmonary aspergillus presentation

Answer 11

congenital neutropenia,
chronic granulomatous disease,
hyper IgE syndrome,
CARD-9 deficiency

Question 12

Define chronic pulmonary aspergillus

Answer 12

lung function decline,
greater than 3 months,
increased resp symptoms

Question 13

presentation of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Answer 13

deterioration of lung function, 
abnormal chest image,
elevated immunoglobulin E level, 
increased aspergillus specific IgE,
\+ve aspergillus specific IgG

Question 14

what is a pulmonary aspergilloma

Answer 14

a fungal mass that usually grows in lung cavities

Question 15

how to diagnosis pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients?

Answer 15

culture of sputum,
biopsy,
aspergillus specific IgG and IgE

Question 16

how to diagnosis pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients?

Answer 16

CT chest,
molecular markers in blood (galactomannan and PCR-aspergillus),
biopsy

Question 17

how is crptococcus transmitted?

Answer 17

by inhalation

Question 18

presentation of cryptococcus infection disseminated to brain ?

Answer 18

headache,
confusion,
altered behaviour,
visual disturbance, 
coma

Question 19

diagnosis of cryptococcal disease

Answer 19

CSF- indian ink preparation, culture, high protein, low glucose, cryptococcus antigen
Blood- culture, cryptococcus antigen

Question 20

antifungal agents to treat invasive fungal infections

Answer 20

amphotericin B formulations,
azoles,
echinocandins,
flucytosine