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Micro Final > Fungal Infections > Flashcards

Fungal Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is fungal cell membrane made of?

A

Ergosterol

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2
Q

What are the two morphological forms of fungi?

A

Unicellular - yeasts; Multicellular filamentous - mold

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3
Q

What are the two forms in which fungi are found?

A

Normal human flora - yeasts; Environment - Molds

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4
Q

What is the primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections?

A

Neutrophil phagocytosis

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5
Q

What is mycoses/.

A

Fungal infection

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6
Q

What are the two types of mycoses?

A
  1. Endemic infection - caused by geographically confined true pathogens;
  2. Opportunistic infection - caused by fungi that are not true pathogens
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7
Q

What is acute disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

Usually occurs in immunocompromised patients

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8
Q

What is chronic disseminated histoplasmosis?

A

Observed in older adults with no obvious immune deficiency

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Blastomyces?

A

causes pneumonia. Skin lesions develop as a result of hematogenous dissemination

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10
Q

What important structures do Coccidiodes form?

A

Spherules that contain hundreds of endospores. (Dimorphism is NOT temperature dependent)

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11
Q

What is the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen?

A

Candida albicans

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12
Q

What is Thrush?

A

Thick, white lesions of the oropharyngeal and vaginal mucosa

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13
Q

What is intertriginous candidiasis?

A

Proliferation in warm, moist areas of skin (diaper rash)

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14
Q

What does cryptococcus neoformans form?

A

A CAPSULE in tissues, but not in the environment. Results in meningitis.

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15
Q

What does candida end up affecting?

A

The liver

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16
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Increases strength of cell wall increasing resistance to enzyme degradation and free radicals

17
Q

What are the two types of Major pathogenic species of Aspergillus and what is special about them?

A

A. fumigatus and A. flavus. They DO NOT GROUW IN NORMAL TISSUE (must invade profoundly immunocompromised patients)

18
Q

What is “angioinvasive”

A

Hyphae invade through blood vessel walls causing tissue infarction, hemorrhage, and necrosis.

19
Q

Mucormycoses are similar to Aspergillus in what respect?

A

Both are angioinvasive

20
Q

What are the two forms of Mucormycoses?

A

Rhinocerebral form - unique to diabetics; Disseminated zygomycosis - lesions of pulmonary system

21
Q

What is special about pneumocystis?

A
  1. Has never been grown in vitro.

2. Was the sentinel infection in AIDS, malnourished children, and immunocompromised individuals

22
Q

What is the most common fungal infection in humans?

A

Dermatophyte

23
Q

What is the most common pathogenic fungal infection in humans?

A

Candidia

24
Q

What are the three etiological genera associated with dermatophyte skin infections?

A

Microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton

25
Q

How do dermatophytes enter the skin?

A

Must have some sort of skin trauma (continuous moist conditions)

26
Q

What type of Mycoses result in infections caused by fungal pathogens that are geographically restricted?

A

Endemic Mycoses

27
Q

What type of Mycoses causes systemic infections only in immunocompromised patients?

A

Opportunistic mycoses

28
Q

What type of mycoses result in infections caused by fungi that are not true pathogens?

A

Opportunistic mycoses

29
Q

What type of mycoses are considered “true pathogens” that typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals?

A

Endemic infections

30
Q

Describe how Polyenes (amphotericin B) are effective in treating coccidodiomycosis

A

Polyenes bind to the cell wall ergosterol of the coccidodio- and form channels

31
Q

Describe why Azoles (itraconazole) is effective in treating coccidiodiomycosis

A

Azoles interfere with the ergosterol synthesis in the coccidodio-

32
Q

What is the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen?

A

Candida albicans

33
Q

How/when does Candida albicans cause disease in humans?

A

Usually endogenous to humans, therefore only causes disease if the normal flora is disrupted

34
Q

What is different about infection by candida albicans (what kind of exception is it?)

A

Dimorphism exception - Mycelial form (not yeast form) causes disease in humans.

35
Q

Where is cryptococcus neoformans found?

A

It is yeast found in soil (best at 37 degrees) that is contaminated with bird (pigeon) excreta

36
Q

Describe what is important about the capsule associated with cryptococcus neoformans

A

Large polysaccharide capsule that is in the tissue, but not in the environment (only makes when needed due to body temp)

37
Q

What fungal outbreak is commonly associate with construction, demolition, or renovation activities in or near hospital wards accomodating immunocompromised patients?

A

Nosocomial outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis

38
Q

What 3 conditions are required for growth of fungal infections on humans?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Wetness
  3. Warmth

Micro Final (13 decks)

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