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Micro Final > Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Ehrilichia, Mycoplasma > Flashcards

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Ehrilichia, Mycoplasma Flashcards

1
Q

What distinguishes Chlamydiae from other microorganisms?

A

VERY small bug (similar in size to some viruses) and it has NO peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Where does Chlamydiae grow?

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens (must grow inside other cells)

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3
Q

Why is Chlamydiae an obligate intracellular pathogen?

A

It depends on the host for ATP

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4
Q

What are the two classifications of Chlamydia and how do they differ?

A
  1. Chlamydia - Humans only

2. Chlamydophila - Mainly humans but also infect animals

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5
Q

What is the most common agent of sexually transmitted bacterial infections?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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6
Q

What is something that Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to?

A

Blindness

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7
Q

How is Chlamydia trachomatis spread?

A

Droplet of direct contact

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8
Q

Delayed-type hypersensitivity in Chlamydia trachomatis can be caused by what substance?

A

Chlamydial heat shock protein

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9
Q

Which type of Chlamydia can survive outside of a host cell?

A

Elementary bodies (extracellular) (spore-like)

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10
Q

Which type of Chlamydia is found within host cells?

A

Reticulate bodies (vegetative-like)

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11
Q

How is Chlamydia internalized by the body?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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12
Q

What disease does Chlamyda trachomitis cause?

A

Trachoma

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13
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venerum?

A

Systemic infection in lymph nodes that drain the genital tract (reaction to Chlamydial heat shock protein!)

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14
Q

What is the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in the human population?

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

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15
Q

What is Chlamydophila psittaci?

A

Chlamydiophila found in birds which can be transferred to humans by inhalation of avian fecal dusts causing flu-like illness

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16
Q

Why is it difficult to treat Chlamydiae?

A

Must penetrate FOUR MEMBRANE LAYERS.(Host plasma membrane, inclusion membrane, chlamydial outer membrane, chlamydial cytoplasmic membrane)

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17
Q

What disease does Rickettsiae rickettsii cause?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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18
Q

What disease does Rickettsiae prowazekii, R. typhi, and R. tsutsugamushi cause?

A

Typhus

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19
Q

How does Rickettsiae insert into host cells?

A

They attach to vascular endothelial cells (small blood vessels) and induce endocytosis.

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20
Q

How does Rickettsiae exit the host cell?

A

Each strain has a different mode for exit

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21
Q

What is something defining about Coxiellaburnetti?

A

Extremely stable with spore-like structure (But not spores)

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22
Q

What is the mode of infection of Coxiella burnetti?

A

Inhalation of airborne particles (NO ARTHROPOD VECTOR NECCESSARY)

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23
Q

Once in the body, what is Coxiella burnettis mode of entry/spread?

A

Tharget macrophages and multiply in phagolysosome

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24
Q

What is Acute Q (Query) fever

A

Asymptomatic - may feel ill for a few days or weeks.

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25
Q

What is Chronic Q (Query) fever?

A

Results in endocarditis and can be fatal

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26
Q

What types of cells does Ehrlichia target?

A

Monocytes and macrophages

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27
Q

How does Ehrlichia multiply/spread?

A

Similar system to Chlamydiae but involves Dense-core cells (elementary bodies) and reticulate cells (Reticulate bodies)

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28
Q

What is special about Mycoplasma?

A
  1. Smallest organisms capable of growth on cell-free media.

2. Requires sterol (cholesterol) to be added because it HAS NO CELL WALL (no murein) so it’s not sensitive to penicillin

29
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

With Mycoplasma infection, IgM is secreted and at lower temperatures, when mixed with RBC, cause RBC to stick together. Happens in 50% of cases of infection.

30
Q

Describe the unique physical properties of Chlamydiae

A
  • Small (.25 µm - .8 µm)
    • Just at limit of light microscopy
    • Similar in size to some viruses
  • Gram negative
  • No peptidoglycan (murein) in cell walls
31
Q

Describe the unique (6) physiological properties of Chlamydia

A
  1. Obligate intracellular pathogens
  2. Grow only inside cells or on live tissues
  3. Small genomes (1 – 1.2 megabases)
  4. “Energy parasites”
  5. Auxotrophic for some amino acids
  6. Complex developmental cycle
32
Q

Describe the 4 Major ways that Chlamydial infections are spread

A

Fingers, flies, fomites, fornication (droplet or direct contact)

33
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Chlamydia

A
  1. Elementary body (EB) binds to normal cell receptors enters via receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. grows in vesicle and modifies it (no fusing with lysosome, keeps pH above 6.2, host glycolipids),
  3. Sends tubes out to feed off host (type III)
  4. Change into larger active organisms (RB)
  5. eventually released as EB again
34
Q

Describe the ocular diseases associated with Chlamydia trachomatis

A
  1. Inflammation of the conjunctiva
  2. Blindness
  3. Scarring of cornea
35
Q

Describe the ways to spread Chlamydia trachomatis specifically

A
  1. Spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individual
  2. Contact with objects such as towels and/or washcloths
36
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

37
Q

What is Lymphogranuloma venerum?

A

The STD caused by chlamydia

38
Q

What is the most common chlamydial pathogen in the world that is found in 40-100% of Pt with Atherosclerotic heart lesions?

A

Chlaydophila pneumoniae

39
Q

Describe the metabolic capabilities of Rickettsiae

A
  1. Can synthesize some of the own ATP
  2. Capable of independent metabolism
  3. May lack certain metabolites necessary for growth
40
Q

Describe the major physical properties of Rickettsiae

A
  1. Small gram negative
  2. Rods
  3. No flagella
  4. No endospores
41
Q

How is rickettsiae spread?

A

Spread through ticks during blood meal

42
Q

What happens to Rickettsiae rickettsi upon entry into host?

A

R. rickettsi is taken up by endothelial cells, lyses the phagosome and then replicates in the cytoplasm. Causes actin polymerization which allows in to push its way through the cell.

43
Q

What are the 2 major diseases caused by R. prowazekii?

A
  1. Thyphus fever

2. Recrudescent typhus (reactivation of the dormant agent seen in the US)

44
Q

What are the 2 resovoirs for R. prowazekii?

A
  1. Humans

2. Flying squirrels

45
Q

How are R. prowazekii transmitted?

A

By human lice

46
Q

How can the incidence of R. prowazekii infection be lowered?

A

Improved sanitary conditions leads to decreased incidence

47
Q

Which is more prevelent, R. prowazekii or R. typhi?

A

R. typhi is more prevelent and widespread

48
Q

What is the major disease associated with R. typhi?

A

Murine typhus - causes purple rash and fever

49
Q

How is R. typhi transmitted?

A

Transmitted by rats fleas

50
Q

Are Ehrlichia bacterium obligate or facultative bacteria?

A

Ehrlichia (chaffeensis and ewingii) are obligate intracellular bacteria

51
Q

How are Ehrlichia transmitted?

A

Transmitted by Lone Star tick

52
Q

Which types of cells do Ehrlichia infect?

A

Infects mostly monocytes and neutrophils

53
Q

What are 4 major symptoms associated with an Ehrlichia infection?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Malaise
  3. Headache
  4. Myalgia
54
Q

What is the smallest organism capable of growth on cell-free media?

A

Mycoplasma

55
Q

Describe the culturing of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Requires sterols
  2. Characteristic “fried egg” appearance
  3. Slow growth
56
Q

Describe the cell wall/membrane of Mycoplasma

A
  1. Lack cell wall (no murein)

2. Cell membranes contain sterols

57
Q

Describe where mycoplama pneumoniae infects the body and how.

A
  1. Largely limited to respiratory mucosa that lines the airways
  2. Does NOT get into lung alveoli
  3. Not highly destructive of tissues, but ciliary function is impared (bronchopnemonia)
  4. Tissue toxics substances like H2O2 may be produced
58
Q

Describe genital tract infection caused by chlamydia in men versus women

A

Men: Prostititis, Epididymitis
Women: Cervicitis, PID, premature births, pelvic pain, newborn lung/eye infections
BOTH: Urethritis, infertility, proctitis, arthritis

59
Q

Describe transmission of Chlamydophila psittaci

A
  1. Humans can be infected (zoonotic) but mainly an animal (parrot) pathogen.
  2. Inhalation of avian fecal dust aerosols
60
Q

What are the 2 major diseases caused by C. Psittacosis?

A
  1. Respiratory “flu-like” illness

2. Heart valve damage

61
Q

What disease is cause by R. rickettsii? (what animal?)

A

Rocky mountain Spotted Fever (spread by ticks)

62
Q

What disease is caused by R. Orientia tsutsugamusi (what animal?)

A

Scrub typhus (chiggers)

63
Q

How does R. prowazekii exit the host cell?

A

Exits by cell lysis

64
Q

How does R. tsutugamusi exit the host cell?

A

Exits by budding through the cell membrane

65
Q

Describe the developmental stages of Ehrlichia (chaffeensis and ewingii)

A
  1. Develops in host cell vacuoles as reticulate cells (RC)

2. Then as Dense-Core cells (DC) within cytoplasmic endosomal vacuole (morula)

66
Q

What is the newest emerging pathogen that causes genitourinary tract infections like urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, and PID?

A

Mycoplasm genilalium

67
Q

What are the 4 major diseases caused by Mycoplasms?

A
  1. Genitourinary tract infections
  2. Cold hemagglutinins
  3. Encephalitis
  4. Erythma muliforme (rash)
68
Q

What disease are both M. hominis and U. urealyticum associated with?

A

Both are associated with diseases in newborns…..commonly found in the respiratory and genitourinary tracts.

Micro Final (13 decks)

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