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135 Dental Radiography > Fundamentals of Radiologic Theory > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Radiologic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What year were x-rays discovered, and by whom? What was the first this he x-ray’d?

A

Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. Took x-ray of wifes hand

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2
Q

Who produced the first dental radiograph and in what year?

A

Dr. Otto Walkhoff in 1895

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3
Q

Who produced the first intra oral radiograph?

A

Dr. Edmund Kells

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4
Q

Who created the first dental x-ray unit? What mistakes did he make?

A

William Rollins. Burnt his hand which led to interest in radiation protection

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5
Q

Who developed the first hot cathode x-ray tube which was the prototype for all modern x-ray units?

A

William Coolidge

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6
Q

What advancement was made in 1933 to x-ray units?

A

Oil was added to the tube to control heat

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7
Q

What year did Kodak develop pre-wrapped film?

A

1913

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8
Q

Who developed the bisecting technique?

A

Weston Price

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9
Q

Who else worked on bisecting and also developed the bitewing technique?

A

Riley Raper

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10
Q

Who were the three men who developed and worked on PT?

A

Dr. Edmund Kells, Franklin McCormack, Dr. Fitzgerald

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11
Q

Who did the first pano?

A

Hisatugu Numata in 1933

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12
Q

What happens when photons interact with material?

A

Ionization

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13
Q

What kind of charge do photons have?

A

No charge

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14
Q

What speed to rays move at?

A

186,000 miles per second

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15
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave

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16
Q

What units are wavelengths measured in?

A

Angstrom units

1/1000,000,000cm

17
Q

What is the range of length of x-ray wavelengths used in diagnostic radiography?

A

0.1 to 0.5 Angstrom

18
Q

What does longer wavelength mean

A

Lower frequency, less energy, less ability to penetrate matter

Weaker- not for dental

19
Q

What does shorter wavelength mean?

A

Higher frequency, more energy, greater ability to penetrate matter

More ideal for dental

20
Q

What does frequency mean?

A

The number of crest passing a fixed point per second

21
Q

When are x-rays produced?

A

When subatomic particles interact with atoms

22
Q

2 Major parts of atoms

A

Centrally located nucleus

Electrons orbiting around the nucleus

23
Q

Which atom has the simplest arrangement?

A

Hydrogen Atom

24
Q

WHat does the nucleus consist of?

A

Positively charged protons

Neutrons

25
Q

How many protons and electrons are in a neutral atom?

A

Same number of protons and electrons

26
Q

What is ionization?

A

The production of ion pairs by the removal of an electron from an atom of the matter which is struck by the x-rays

One or more electrons are removed from their orbit/shell

27
Q

WHat happens to an atom when it becomes ionized?

A

It loses its electrical neutrality and becomes positively charged

Called a positive ion

28
Q

Why do we need to understand ionization?

A

We need to understand the therapeutic and harmful effects x-radiation can have on tissues. They can alter or destroy cells

If too many cells are destroyed, normal function of tissue can be altered

29
Q

What happens when H2O in the body’s tissues becomes ionized?

A

Causes the atomic structure to be altered to H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

Causes local tissue damage

30
Q

What are the two types of ionizing radiation?

A

Particulate and Electromagnetic

31
Q

WHat is the major difference in the way x-rays and light affect photo-magnetic plates?

A

Radiation can penetrate opaque objects

32
Q

What are the three sets of terms used for units of radiation that are being phased out?

A

Roentgen, RAD and REM

33
Q

Which terms used for units of radiation are gaining greater acceptance?

A

The INternational System:

  • Coulombs per KG replaces Roentgen
  • Gray replaces RAD
  • Sievert replaces REM
34
Q

What are the 3 quantities used for x-ray protection measurement?

A

Exposure
Absorbed dose
Dose equivalent

35
Q

What is exposure? What units are used?

A

Measurement of ionization in air produced by x-rays or gamma rays

Coulomb/Kg/Roentgen

36
Q

What is absorbed dose? What units are used?

A

Amount of energy deposited in any form of matter by any type of radiation

gray (Gy) & RAD are used

37
Q

What is dose equivalent? What units are used?

A

Term used for radiation protection purpose to compare biological effects of various types of radiation

Sievert (Sv)/ REM

38
Q

What units are used to measure all radiation?

A

Grays/RADs and Sieverts/REMs

135 Dental Radiography (23 decks)

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