Fundamental Concepts in Motor Development 1 Flashcards
define physical growth
an increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts (Timiras, 1972)
define maturation
progress towards physical maturity, the state of optimal functional integration of an individual’s body systems and the ability to reproduce
define development
a continuous process throughout the life span. As age advances, development proceeds
how does development change over time?
development can be faster or slower at differ at different times, and rates of development can differ betweem individuals at the same age
define aging
the process, occuring with the passage of time, that leads to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death (Spirduso, Francis & MacRae, 2005)
describe uniqueness
- predictable maturation, yet individuals are different
- individuals function in a variety of ways, including physical, social, cognitive and psychological
does all change in movement constitute development?
no
- ex. if coach teaches you to do proper backhand, this is motor learning
define motor development
refers to the continuous, age-related process of change in movement
define motor learning
refers to the relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
define motor control
the study of neural, physical and behavioural aspects of movement
define motor behaviour
we use this teerm then we prefer not to distinguish between motor learning and motor development, or if we want to include both
based on the class activity, what factors might affect a baseball players motor performance?
Crowd cheering, glove grip, sun in eyes, hot temperature, speed of ball, spin of ball, bat weight, must hit within field lines
based on the class activity, what factors might affect a snowboarders motor performance?
Motivation from family, puffy snowsuit, cold temperatures, icy slippery snow, minimal leg strength, hungry, tired
based on the class activity, what factors might affect a basketball players motor performance?
Exhausted, determined, fans cheering (loud), slippery floors, battling an injury/soreness/stiffness, must shoot within lines, score before buzzer
There is a model that can help us better understand motor development across the lifespan related to constraints
- It is useful to have a model or plan for studying any changes that occur over the lifespan
- A model can help us include all of the relevant factors in our observations of motor behaviour
- This is particularly helpful when we consider the
complexity of many tasks (and how our skills are constantly changing) - This model will help us make sense of changes, and help to categorize these changes
Describe Karl Newell’s 1986 (constraint’s) model
triangle with individual constraints (functional and structural), task constraints, environmental constraints
Newell’s model reflects_
*This model reflects the dynamic, constantly changing interactions in motor development
describe individual constraints
Are a person’s unique physical and mental characteristics.
For example, height, limb length, strength, and motivation can all influence the way we move.
describe structural constraints
individual constraints related to the body structure
- this can change slowly over time
ex. height, weight, muscle mass, leg length
describe functional constraints
are individual constraints related to behavioural function
- this can change faster
ex. motivation, fear, experiences, attentional focus
describe environmental constraints
- constraints from the world around us
- exist outside of the body
ex. temp, lighting, humidity, gravity, floor surfaces
describe task constraints
include the goals and rules related to the particular movement
- these are also external to the body
ex. need to dribble in bb
