Development of Ballistic Skills Flashcards
define ballistic skills
performer applies force to an object to project it
ex. throwing, kicking, striking
name claire’s examples of ballistic skills
- throwing paper airplane
- snowball
- littering
name the forms of throwing
- underhand (1 or 2 hand)
- sidearm
- overarm (1 or 2 hand)
name the outcome and movement pattern of throwing
outcome: accuracy, distance, ball velocity
movement pattern: developmental sequences
describe early overhand throwing
- young children’s arm patterns during throwing (especially under 3 years old) tend to be:
- restricted to arm action alone(*legs doon’t move)
- elbows pointed up
- throw executed by elbow extension alone
name the steps for proficient overhand throwing for force
1) forward step, pelvic rotation
2) upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
3) upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
4) release
5) follow-through
describe proficientoverhand throwing for force
-weight shifts to the back foot
- uses preparatory windup (weight shifts and trunk rotates back; arm swings)
- thrower uses opposite leg, long step, and differentiated trunk rotation
- upper arm and forearm lag
- movements are sequential to transfer momentum
define block rotation
rotation of the upper and lower units of the trunk as a unit
define differentiated trunk rotation
the lower trunk rotates forward, while the upper trunk is rotating backwards (or still preparing to rotate forward)
name the characteristics (of overhand throwing) that are best observed from the front or the back
- trunk to upper arm angle
- elbow angle
- lateral trunk bend
name the characteristics (of overhand throwing) that are best observed from the side
- the step
- trunk rotation
- upper arm and forearm lag
throwing for distance vs accuracy has _
different movement patterns/technique depending on goal outcome*
define kicking
a kick is a ballistic strike of an object from the foot
name the characteristics of early kicking
similar to throwing
- unskilled kickers tend to use a single action instead of a sequence of actions
- a beginner kicker will simply push the leg forward
describe proficient kicking
advanced kicking
- preparatory windup, running up to the ball
- uses sequential movements of the kicking leg
- knee straightends just before contact with the ball (to increase radius of the kicking leg)
- kicking leg continues forward even after contact in the follow-through
- swings the kicking leg through full range of motion at the hip
- uses the arms in opposition to the legs
to give adequate instruction on kicking from the side:
- placement of the support foot
- range of motion and precontact extension in the kicking leg
- range of trunk motion
- arm opposition
define a punt
a form of kicking, where the ball is dropped from the individual’s hands before impact with the foot
characteristics of early punting: tends to _ instead of dropping the ball
toss the ball up
name the characteristics of early punting (all)
- tends to toss the ball up instead of dropping the ball
- often will release the ball after the support leg contacts the ground
- child may not take a step
- arms drop to the sides
- either rigidly extend the kicking-leg or bends knee, kicking the ball with a flexed leg
- ball contacts toes instead of instep, resulting in an unpredictable punt
*short step, arms drop to sides, kicking knee flexed at contact
decribe the characteristics of proficient punting
- extend the arms forward with the ball, dropping it as the final leg stride is taken
- move the arms to the side after releasing the ball, now use the arms in opposition with legs
- leap onto the supporting leg and swing the punting leg vigorously up to contact the ball, so that the body leaves the ground with a hop of the supporting leg
- keep the kicking leg knee nearly straight and the toes pointed at the time of contact
in the picture of proficient punting, what 5 characteristics do we see
ball dropped early, leap step, arms abduct, arms in opposition to legs, ankle extended
define striking
striking encompassesnumerous skills, and can be done in a variety of ways
- using a variety of equipment
- ex. swinging a bat, racket overhand, golf club underhand
define sidearm striking
a form of striking where the arm remains at or below shoulder level
eg. swinging a baseball bat
striking involves more difficult _
perceptual judgement
- being able to hit a moving target is limited in early childhood
eg. t-ball
describe characteristics of early striking
- similar to throwing
- child will ‘chop’ at the oncoming ball
- extended elbow
- not very much trunk and leg movement
describe proficient striking
- stepping into the hit
- applying linear force to the strike
- differentiated trunk rotation
- swinging through full range of motion
- contact, follow-through
describe developmental changes in sidearm striking
- grip changes from “power grip” to “shake hands” grip
- changes from using solely upper body to including the lower body
define overarm striking
a form of striking where the arm travels above the shoulder level
eg. tennis serve
describe early overarm striking
- limited pelvic and spinal movement
- elbow stays bent
- arm and racket swing together
- ball contact is low
describe proficient overarm striking
- trunk rotation occurs
- racket lags begins arm during forward swing
- ball contact is higher
describe testing gross motor development
the developmental sequences for throwing, kicking, punting, sidearm striking and overarm striking can be used to access developmental progress, but we can also use assessment tools
describe test of gross motor development-3 TGMD-3
- a trained administrator demonstrates the skill, one practice trial is permitted, and then 2 trials of the skill are recorded
*we will go through forearm strike and kick
describe forearm strike (ball skill) - testing gross motor development
1) child takes backswing with the paddle when ball is bounced
2) child steps toward the ball with nonpreferred foot
3) child strikes ball forward toward the wall/net
4) paddle follows through toward nonpreferred shoulder
describe kick (ball skill) - testing gross motor development
1) approach to the ball is rapid and continuous
2) child takes an elongated stride or leap just before ball contact
3) non-kicking foot is placed close to the ball
4) child kicks ball with instep of preferred foot (not the toes)
