Development of human locomotion 2 Flashcards
walking is the first form of _
upright, bipedal locomotion without support
walking is defined by:
- nearly equal phasing between the legs
- period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by a period of single support
characteristics of early walking
- maximizes stability and balance
- arms are in high-guard
- feet are out-toes and spread wide
- independent steps are taken
characteristics of proficient walking
- trading stability for mobility
- stride length increases
- base of support is reduced
- pelvis is rotating
- opposition (arms to legs) occurs
by age 4, what developmental change in walking do we see (early childhood)
- by age 4, essential components of an advanced walk are present
what developmental changes in walking do we see in older adulthood
- maximizing stability
- out-toeing increases
- stride length decreases
- pelvic rotation decreases
- speed decreases
- objects are used as balance aids
*like going backwards, going back to early walking habits
any of the changes associated with the aging process can act as _
rate limiters
describe rate limiters in later walking
- most obvious, change in structural constraints can influence walking
- rate limiters are strength (to support body on the leg) and balance
when does running occur?
6-7 months after walking starts
running is defined by:
-50% phasing between the legs (ex. pushing off leg, flying for a second, pushing off other)
- flight phase followed by single support
describe early running
stability over mobility
- return of odd behaviours
- arms in high guard
- limited range of motion
- short stride length
- little rotation
describe proficient running
- less stability, more mobility
- increased stride length
- planar movement
- narrow base of support
- trunk rotation
- opposition
describe the developmental changes of early running
- as children grow, qualitative changes in running patterns
- progressed physical growth and maturation, generally result in improved quantitative measures of running
describe developmental changes of later running (seniors)
- patterns help increase stability and balance
- decreases appear in: stride length, range of motion, # of strides, speed
- rate controllers: balance and strength
describe rate controllers in later running
- running requires greater generation of force and ability to balance
- smaller changes in constraints can affect later running
- an individual may have the ability to run, but may not have the opportunity to do so, or chooses not to
define jump
person propels self off ground with one or two feet: lands on 2 feet
define hop
person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot
define leap
person propels self off ground with one foot, etends flight period, and lands on opposite foot
children often begin simple jumping at what age?
before age 2
what 2 types of jumps can people perform?
vertical or horizontal (standing long) jump
describe early jumping characteristics
- jump only vertically
- one-foot takeoff or landing
- no or limited preparatory movements
where is the force directed in a vertical jump?
force is directed downward; body is extended
where is the force directed for horizontal jump?
force is directed down and backward; knees are flexed during flight
describe proficient jumping
- preparatory crouch maximizes takeoff force
- both feet leave ground at same time
- arm swing use during jump
describe developmental changes of jumping
- continuous growth in body size and strength contribute to quantative improvements
- it is not guaranteed that every child will eventually master jumping
define rate limiters for jumping
development of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still position
what is the 1st level of difficulty for jumps?
jump down: from 1 foot to the other foot
what is the 2nd level of difficulty for jumps?
jump up: from 2 feet to 2 feet
what is the 3rd level of difficulty for jumps?
jump down: from 1 foot to 2 feet
what is the 4th level of difficulty for jumps?
jump down: from 2 feet to 2 feet
what is the 5th level of difficulty for jumps?
run and jump forward from 1 foot to the other foot
what is the 6th level of difficulty for jumps?
jump forward from 2 feet to 2 feet
what is the 7th level of difficulty for jumps?
run and jump forward from 1 foot to 2 feet
what is the 8th level of difficulty for jumps?
jump over object from 2 feet to 2 feet
what is the 9th level of difficulty for jumps?
jump from 1 foot to the same foot rhythmically
describe early hopping
- hopping starts later than jumping
early characteristics: - support leg is lifted rather than used to project body
- arms are inactive
- swings leg is held rigidly in front of the body
describe proficient hopping
- swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion
- support leg extends fully at hip
- oppositional arm movement generates force
- support leg is flexed on landing
describe the rate controllers in hopping
- depends on the postural system’s ability to balance the body on one limb for a succession of hops
- ability to generate enough force to lift the body with one limb, recover, and quickly generate enough force to hop again
galloping, sliding, skipping involves combination of skills previously obtained like ,,_
stepping, hopping, leaping
in galloping, sliding and skipping which are asymmetric and symmetric?
asymmetric: gallop and slide
gallop: forward step on one foot, leap on other
slide:sideways step on one foot, leap on other
symmetric: skip
skip: alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other
describe early galloping, sliding, skipping
- arrythmic and stiff movements
- little or no arm movement
- little or no trunk rotation
- exaggeration of vertical lift
- short stride or step length
describe proficient galloping, sliding, skipping
- the arms are no longer needed for balance
- in skipping, the arms swing rhythmically in opposition to the legs and provide momentum
- child can use the arms for another purpose during galloping and sliding, such as clapping
when do galloping, sliding and skippping emerge?
galloping is the first to emerge (around 2-3 years old)
sliding comes next
skipping is usually the last to emerge (around 4-7 years old)
describe rate limiters for galloping
coordination (uncoupling legs), differential force production (legs performing different tasks)
describe rate limiters for sliding
coordination (turning to one side)
describe rate limiters for skipping
coordination (ability to perform two tasks with one leg)
transporting ourselves from point A to point B is an important past of human life and can be accomplished _
using many different locomotor skills
from early childhood to later adulthood, many individual constraints act as _
rate limiters in the emergence and maintenance of skills
