Development of Manipulative SKills Flashcards
define gross motor development
movements requiring large musculature
-control over actions that help infants get around in the environment such as crawling, standing and walking
define fine motor development
movements requiring small muscles typically involved in hand-eye coordination, and precision of the hand and fingers
- smaller movements such as reading and grasping
define prehension
the act of coordinated reaching and grasping
- either with one hand or 2 hands
list the 4 milestones of voluntary reaching
newborn: pre-reaching
3-4 months: reaching with ulnar grasp
4-5 months: transfer object from hand to hand
9 months: pincer grasp (*involving thumb)
describe the 3 major periods of reaching development
pre-reaching (birth-2months) - stereotypies
successful reaching (2-9 months)
skillful reaching (9 months+)
2 ways vision is thought to regulate (control) reaching:
visually ellicited
visually guided
define visually ellicited
- vision used to localize an object
- reach is executed without additional visual info
- sometimes called “triggered” or “elicited”
define visually guided
- vision used during the reach, to guide the hand to the target
- infants may be looking at the target rather than the hand and the target during the reach
moderate amounts of visual stimulation tailored to a young baby’s needs results in _
earlier development of reaching
movement encourages _
pre-reaching: ie. the more the baby moves, is allowed to move.. more likely that they will show reaching behaviours earlier
describe pre-reaching
- birth to 2 months
- visually elicited
- no grasp; not successful
- increaseswhen the infant can fixate and track moving objects
- postural support of trunk afforts arm extension
describe successful (reaching)
- 2-9 months
-successful (obtain object) but not particularly smooth - visually guided feedback dependent
- reach uncoupled from grasp
describe skillful (reaching)
- 9 months+
- accurate, smooth
- visually elicited -can use feedback
- beginning of coordination of reach and grasp (prehension) are coupled
- it takesmany years before truly ‘skilful’ reaching occurs
describe hand-mouth movements
- at 3-5 months, infants become consistent in moving the hand to the mouth
- by 5 months, they open the mouth in anticipation of the hand’s arrival
describe the study of reaching in 5,6,9 and 13 month olds vs adults
von Hofsten and Ronnqvist, 1988
- infant grasping was controlled as early as 5-6 months
- 9-13 month olds adjusted the opening of the hand with relation to the size of the object
- 13 month oldinitiated their grasp farther from the target in a timing sequence similar to adults than any of the younger groups
describe types of grip (in developmental order)
- Palmar (first grip, emerges out of grasp reflex)
- Power (thumb in opposition but still palm,~5-6 months)
- Pincer/Precision (~9-10 months)
the hand is capable of an incredible # of possible grip configurations:
1013 potential combinations
what items did we talk about in class,how do you shape your hand to pick them up
pen, quarter, heavy textbook, bottle of water, crystal vase, an empty glass, a full glass, a light bulb
describe bimanual coordination at 2 months
infants show bilateral arm extension and reaching
describe bimanual coordination at 4.5 months
infants reach for objects with both arms
describe bimanual coordination at during year 1
infants alernate between predominantly unimanual and predominantly bimanual reaching
describe bimanual coordination at by 12 months
we see pulling apare and insertion actions
describe bimanual coordination early in year 2
infants use objects as tools
describe bimanual coordination after 18 months
infants manipulate objects cooperatively with both hands
describe catching
ideally, objects are caught in the hands so they can be manipulated
-needing to intercept an object makes catching more difficult
describe early catching
- children initially position arms and hands rigidly, sometimes trap ball against chest
- children sometimes turn their head away or close their eyes
describe proficient catching
- hands “give” with the ball to gradually absorb force
- catcher moves from side to side or forward and back to intercept the ball
- fingers are pointed up for high ball and down for low balls
describe developmental changes (arm action) in catching
note: task and environmental constraints greatly affect the difficulty of catching
arm action
1) little response
2) hugging
3) scooping
3) arms “give”
describe developmental changes (hand action) in catching
1) palms up
2) palms in
3) palms adjusted
describe developmental changes (body action) in catching
1) no adjustment
2) awkward adjustment
3) proper adjustment
describe anticipation
anticipation is involved in many manipulative tasks and interception skills
- studies often involve coincidence-anticipation tasks
define coincidenc-anticipation tasks
anticipating completion of movement to coincide with arrival of moving object
interception success is often related to _ (anticipation)
ball size, speed, trajectory, andother task and environmental constraints
- children learn to arrive at the right place from their experiences with catching
both successful and unsuccessful catches contribute to (anticipation)
learning the relationship between visual information and the body position
