Early Motor Development 2 Flashcards
describe a motor milestone (the pathway to voluntary movements)
- is a fundamental motor skill
- attaining this motor skill is associated with the acquisition of later movements
- relatively consistent stages of milestones
- timing can differ from individual to individual
what 2 motor milestones researchers did we talk about in class?
- Bayley (1936, 1969)
- Shirley (1931, 1963)
*observed infants, collected data on when motor milestoneswould happen
describe the milestones at the average age range 0.1-3 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- lifts head when held at the shoulder
- lateral head movement
- artm thrusts in play
- leg thrusts in play
- retains (ie. grasps) red ring
describe the milestones at the average age range 0.1-3 months based on milestone Shirley Sequence
- chin up (lifts head in prone)
*shirley sequence is a lot less detailed than bailey
describe the milestones at the average age range 0.7-7 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- head lifts and steady
- turns from side to back
- sits with slight support
- turns from back to side
describe the milestones at the average age range 0.7-7.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence
- chest up (lifts head and chest)
- sits with support
describe the milestones at the average age range 4.0-10.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- partial thumb opposition
- sits alone momentarily
- unilateral reaching
- rotates wrist
- rolls from back to front
describe the milestons at the average age range 4.0-10.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence
- sits on lao
- grasps objects
- sits in chair, grasps dangling object
describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-10.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- sits alone steadily
- complete thumb opposition
- prewalking progression
- partial finger prehension
describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-10.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence
- sits alone
- stands with help
describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-12.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- pulls to standing
- stands up by furniture
- stepping movements
- walks with help
describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-12.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence
- stands holding furniture
- creeps
describe the milestones at the average age range 9.0-20.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development
- stands alone
- walks alone
- walks backwards
describe the milestones at the average age range 9.0-20.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence
- pulls to stand
- stands alone
- walks alone (Shirley Sequence ends here, Bailey continues)
describe the milestones at the average age range 12.0-30.0+ months based on bayley scales of infant development
- walks up stairs with help
- walks down stairs with help
- jumps off floor, both feet
- jumps from bottom step
what other milestones researcher did we talk about in class?
the WHO (2006)
- WHO multicenter growth reference study (MGRS) group
* wanted to look at more data, more infants, compare with more countries
*816 children from 5 countries, 6 motor milestones
What are the WHO 6 Motor Milestones
- sitting without support
- creeping
- standing with assistance
- walking with assistance
- standing alone
- walking alone
what are the 2 types of the first voluntary locomotion?
crawling and creeping
define crawling
moving on hands and stomach “combat crawl”
define creeping
moving on hands and knees
what were the study differences in sitting without support? (when this development occured)
5.9 months - MGRS
6.6 months - Bayley
7.0 months - Shirley
what were the study differences in standing with assistance? (when this development occured)
7.4 months - MGRS
8.1 months - Bayley
8.0 months - Shirley
what happened to the study differences after the sitting without support / standing with assistance findings?
- the data from the MGRS and Bayley match closely
- shirley’s ages vary more, however her ranges are still within MGRS ranges
What can we conclude? (study differences)
- infants are attainingthe same motor milestones at approximately the same ages as infants did 80+ years ago
- validated and reliable sources
define rate limiter:
an individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill because it develops slower than other systems
*holding back development of next skill
what are some reasons why an infant mightbe delayed in attaining amotor milestone?
consider: the individual, environmental, and task constraints interacting during infancy
claire’s answers: siblings to look up to, birth order, access to opportunities, genetics, nutrition, parenting
for the motor milestone of lifting head while laying on belly, name the precursor and culture norms shaping infant development
precursor: strength in neck and shoulders
culture norms shaping infant development:
-‘movement’ reducing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, 1992)
- American Academy of Pediatrics recommended infants be placed on their sides or backs
- back for sleep campaign
- did reduce SIDS, but increased a delay in motor milestones
- Tummy Time (Kuo et al., 2008)
it is important to keep in mind the presence of _ in all aspects of development
individual variability
define postural control
the act of maintaining, achieving, or restoring balance
our CNS regulates sensory information from other systems in order to _ (postural control)
make adequate motor output responses to maintain a controlled, upright posture
(postural control) the cerebellum coordinates_
voluntary muscle movements and helps to maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium
describe the developmentalists view: (postural control)
postural control and balanceare a part of the rate-limiting system
newborns make postural adjustments of the
head in response to a visual stimulus. (They starting to make appropriate postural responses based on what they are perceiving)
describe the moving room technique
- a child in their first year of standing
- will sway or fall when the room moves
- child is perceiving the room movement as their own sway
- this effect diminishes in children after their first year of standing
*for infants learning to balance, visual info can be much more potent than mechanical, adult is less sensitive to this
What does the moving room tell us about the development of postural control?
- in the moving room example, (floor stays still, walls and ceiling move) child falls when the walls and ceiling move toward them
- this response occurs because the child perceives the room movement as sway rather than room movement
- that visual perception of self-motion is not the rate controlling factor in infant posture and balance
In the moving room example, the rate-controlling factor is the
coupling of the sensory information with the appropriate motor response
once refined, this perception-action coupling can provide _
quick and specific adjustments
- in other words, infants must continously calibrate their sensorimotor coupling
- visual information is very important in our motor control… more on this later
