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anatomy > Functions and more for muscular system > Flashcards

Functions and more for muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (1)

A

Movement
- pull on bones
- levers that muscles move

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2
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (2)

A

Posture and position
- works for long periods of time
- keeps everything in line with- where they are supposed to be

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3
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (3)

A

Construction of organs and vessels
- moves blood/food around

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4
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (4)

A

Guards entrances and exits
- so that things stay in when they need to

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5
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (5)

A

Body temperature
- moving muscles provides heat

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6
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (7)

A

Respiration
- makes intercostals move to breath
- gets us to get air

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7
Q

Functions of the muscular system and what they do (6)

A

communication
- verbal - muscles changing tension in vocal chord
- facial expression

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8
Q

contractility

A

ability to get shorter with force

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9
Q

excitability

A
  • capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus
  • muscle can be turned on and off
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10
Q

extensibility

A

-muscles can be stretched
- go beyond normal degree of flexibility

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11
Q

elasticity

A
  • ability to recoil
  • stretch and recoil
  • way stronger
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12
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The whole thing

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13
Q

Connective tissue: fascia

A

connects everything - covers all of muscle

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14
Q

epimysium

A
  • covers whole muscle
  • deeper than fascia
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15
Q

tendon

A
  • comes out of epimysium
  • epimysium gathered at one end
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16
Q

perimysium

A
  • around sections of muscle tissue
  • nearest to blood vesselz
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17
Q

fascicule

A

section of muscle

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18
Q

endomysium

A
  • around individual fiber
  • smallest part
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19
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A
  • run through perimysium - changeable
  • more use - stronger/more
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20
Q

Microanatomy - fiber

A

cell

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21
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm - fluid inside cell

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23
Q

transverse tubules (t. tubules)

A

(across tubes)
- into muscle fiber
- makes way across

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24
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (S.R.)

A
  • tubes
  • run parallel
  • stores calcium
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25
Q

Myofibrils

A

bundles of protein inside muscle fiber

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26
Q

sarcomere

A

smallest section of muscle that contracts
functional unit

27
Q

actin

A

thin - heads wrapped around each other

28
Q

myosin

A

thick - clubs stacked away from each other

29
Q

Cross bridges

A
  • connection between actin and myosin
  • myosin head attaches to active sites on actin - atp is used to make it let go
30
Q

troponin and tropomyosin

A

2 proteins - part of sarcomere
troponin - bead-like protein attached to both actin and tropomyosin
tropomyosin - ribbon-like protein that lies along actin
- at rest - covers up active sites
calcium will bind to troponin and change its shape - when troponin changes shape, it pulls tropomyosin off of active sites

calcium is the trigger

31
Q

Inside a muscle fiber, outside a myofibral

transverse tubule (t. tubule)

A
  • action potentials travel down t. tubule and stimulate a voltage sensitive protein and changes its shape so that the foot like projection moves
32
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • the foot-like projection of the VSP is attached to a protein gate inside the SR
  • calcium is stored in SR
  • when calcium gate opens - calcium floods out of SR
  • calcium pumps - being run by ATP
33
Q

motor end plate

A
  • where neuron communicates - don’t actually touch
  • action potential starts
34
Q

sarcolemma

A

electrical current travels all over it

35
Q

muscle stimulation

A

comes from neurons

36
Q

motor neuron

A

commands coming from brain

37
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

(where the neuron meets the muscle)
synaptic cleft between them

38
Q

acetylcholine

A

name of neurotransmitter that tells it to contract

39
Q

motor units

A
  • your brain calls on how many/which motor units to fire
  • one neuron and all the muscles fibers it controls
  • motor recruitment - how many motor units are asked to use
  • motor learning - your brain figuring out which motor units to use
40
Q

ATP

A
  • every single cell in your body uses ATP
  • ATP is always being used/made
  • at any given moment your muscle cells with have 2 to 3 seconds ATP is floating around
41
Q

CP or PC

A
  • creatine phosphate
  • takes its energy and puts it into ATP really fast
  • 4 to 10 seconds of activity on CP
  • takes between 5 and 8 minutes to put CP back together
42
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

(without oxygen)
getting energy out of food (metabolism - glycolysis)
- 10-45 seconds of activity on anaerobic respiration
- happens in the sarcoplasm
- a lot of energy very quickly - doesn’t last long
- glucose <——————> glycogen (stored)
-
- +2 ATP
-
pyruvate <——————> lactic acid
- with training, you can store more glycogen
- can increase tolerance for lactic acid

  • cool down keeps capillaries open in the working muscle so you can get rid of the junk
43
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • uses oxygen
  • always happening until you die
  • happening in mitochondria
  • glucose —> pyruvate —> mitochondria —>
    (kreb’s cycle) —> +2 ATP +6 NADH + 2FADH2
    (oxidative phosphorylation)—>NADH and FADH2 and ATP
    I I
    +36 ATP

-operates slower, but produces more energy
- O2 enters and waste produced by the mitochondria is CO2 and H2O

44
Q

oxygen debt

A
  • when you breathe really heavy after an exercise even though you’re muscles aren’t being used anymore
  • happens when you use too much anaerobic respiration

why keep breathing heavy?
- need to replace ATP
- need to replace CP
- get rid of lactate and turn it into pyruvate or burn it in heart
- repair cells (requires ATP)

45
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

High intensity
- run out of ATP
– Change PH of cells

Low intensity
– Mental game creates muscle fatigue
– Intro muscle – run out of fuel in muscle glycogen depletion – more sugar in muscles, the easier it is
– Extra muscle – run out of fuel in body exercise longer than two hours – starts with a sugar, turns to fat – slows you down
– Decreased oxygen delivery to working skeletal muscle – more red blood cells – more oxygen – if temperature is high – send less blood to muscle

46
Q

muscle fiber types – type one

A

Slow twitch
– Smaller motor units, 1 to 6
– Endurance
– Lots of blood vessel
– Stay skinny
– Legs
– Myoglobin – mostly water – some iron makes it red
– Lots of mitochondria
– Fatigue resistant
– Low in anaerobic ability – not as much glycolysis
– Low in glycogen storage
– Slow ATPase

47
Q

muscle fiber types – two a

A

Fast twitch
– Medium motor units 7 to 10
– Fast
– Medium amount of blood vessels
– Get bigger
– Legs
– Not much myoglobin
– Medium amount of mitochondria
– Fast fatigue resistant
– Highest anaerobic
– Highest glycogen storage
– Fast ATPase

48
Q

muscle fiber types – two b

A

Fast twitch
– Large motor units – 10
– Power
– Few blood vessels
– Gets biggest
– Arms
– Little or none of myoglobin
– few mitochondria
– Fast fatigable
– High anaerobic
– High in glycogen storage
– Fast ATPase

49
Q

isotonic

A

Same tension

50
Q

isometric

A

same length

51
Q

isokinetic

A

same speed

52
Q

Prime mover

A

Main muscles to the action

53
Q

synergist

A

Stabilize and help

54
Q

Antagonist

A

do opposite action

If working out – many body parts/muscles first, single/specific muscles – also do both side sides – push and pull

55
Q

concentric

A

Muscle gets shorter while working

56
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle gets longer while working

57
Q

Origin

A

more stable side to muscle

58
Q

insertion

A

More movable side to muscle

59
Q

twitch

A

– One command to contract
– Super quick
– Sustained contraction in tetanus

60
Q

Recruitment

A

– Your brain firing neurons to decide which ones to use
– Knowing which ones to use - coordinated

61
Q

all or nothing

A

– If muscle fiber is told to contract, it will contract to its best ability
– If lifting something light, just less fibers

62
Q

how is smooth muscle different

A

– Involuntary – unlike voluntary skeletal system
– Smooth – consistent
– With the contract if stretched
– Hormones might tell it to contract

63
Q

How is cardiac muscle different?

A

– Involuntary – unlike voluntary skeletal system
– Striated – not smooth under microscope – lines
– Tell themselves to contract
– Have a huge amount of mitochondria
– Always aerobic
– pyruvate is never waiting so it doesn’t cramp

anatomy (11 decks)

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