Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards
Anatomical Position
base position of human
Supine/prone
lying face up/lying face down
superior and inferior - cephalic/caudal
above/upper and lower/down - toward head - toward tail
medial
down the middle
lateral
toward side
ipsilateral
same side
contra lateral
opposite side of
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
distal
further from point of attachment
superficial
close to the surface
deep (peripheral)
deep - farther from the surface
anterior
front - used as a direction
posterior
back - mostly used if describing a section
ventral
front - used as a location
dorsal
back - used as a location
frontal
forehead
oral
mouth
mental
chin
occipital
back brain
thoracic
rib cage/chest
orbital
eyes
otic
ears
cranial
brain
nuchal
back neck
pectoral
chest (subset of thoracic)
nasal
nose
buccal
cheek
cephalic
whole head
cervical
neck
sternal
middle chest (subset of pectoral)
clavicular
collar bone
dorsal
back
lumbar
lower back
umbilical
belly button
inguinal
leg attached to body (groin)
gluteal
butt
antebrachial
forearm
digital
fingers
femoral
upper leg or femur
talus
ankle
sural
calf
axillery
armpit
scapular
shoulder blade
sacral
bony part lower back - between hip bones
costal
where ribs are
pubic
reproductive area
brachial
upper arm
carpal
wrist
manual
whole hand
patellar
front of knee
pedal
whole foot
plantar
bottom of foot
acromial
top shoulder (bony point)
vertebral
spine
abdominal
stomach
pelvic
around hip bones
coxal
bones on either side (hip bones)
antecubital
put of elbow
palmar
palm
olecranon (cubital)
elbow
crural
lower leg knee to ankle
popliteal
knee pit
calcaneal
heel
median/sagittal
through the middle (left or right side)
frontal/coronal
front and back
transverse/cross
top and bottom
oblique
other than
longitudinal
a long length of organ
diaphragm
divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelviccavity
mediastinum
contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs
thoracic cavity
chest cavity
abdominal cavity
above hips - digestive stuff
pelvic cavity
below hips - reproductive organs
anatomy
structure/form
physiology
function
gross
a dozen dozen (144)
visible part(s)
cytology
cellular anatomy
histology
study of tissues
tissues
muscle
nerve
epithelial (skin)
connective
cell physiology
examines processes in cells
neurophysiology
focuses on the nervous system
pathology
study of disease - things aren’t working
exercise physiology
changes in structure and function caused by exercise
levels of organization
- chemical - interaction of atoms - vitamins, minerals, hormones
- cell - a bunch of cells working together - tissue
- tissue - similar cells working together
- organ - lots of tissues working together
- organ system - a bunch of organs working together
- organism - a bunch of organ systems working together
integumentary
skin, protection
skeletal
bones, lever system
muscular
muscles, move you
lymphatic
immune system, lymphnodes
respiratory
lungs, get oxygen
digestive
stomach, getting material (food)
nervous
brain, control all
endocrine
hormones, control same
cardiovascular
heart, transportation system
urinary
kidneys, gets rid of waste (clean)
reproductive
genitals, contribute human race
homeostasis (body temp)
set point - 98.6
normal range - where our body is at normal function
receptor
neurons
control center
brain’s spinal cord
effector
what our body does to fix
negative feedback
the effector directly opposes the problem
- too cold, creates heat
- blood sugar goes up, takes it back down
positive feedback
- an extra step in effector
- bleed, blood sticky, stops bleeding
vital signs - signs of life
- heart beat (60-100)
- blood pressure 140/90 - too high
- breathing rate 12-20
- reflexes - a nerve system is working
- temperature- 97.8 - 99.1
