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anatomy > Chapter 3: Functions and components of the skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Functions and components of the skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the skeletal system (1)

A

movement
trade off - strength and range of motion

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system (2)

A

structure/support
designed to bear our weight standing up
designed for movement
designed for standing

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3
Q

functions of the skeletal system (3)

A

protection
protects most important organs (heart, brain, lungs)

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4
Q

functions of the skeletal system (4)

A

blood production:
- red blood cells (bone marrow) is made in bones
- adolescents make more
- axial and appendicular in kids
- just axial in adults

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5
Q

functions of the skeletal system (5)

A

storing calcium
- every muscle contraction requires calcium
- you are always using calcium
- no calcium ——-> dead
- can reshape bones

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6
Q

components of the skeletal system (1)

A

Bones

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7
Q

components of the skeletal system (2)

A

Cartilage
- hyalin - ends of bones in joints (friction)
- fibrocardilage - intervertibral discs - pubic bones (shock absorption)
- elastic - outer ear (shape)

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8
Q

components of the skeletal system (3)

A

tendons - muscle to bone
ligaments - bone to bone

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9
Q

Types of cartilage (1)

A

chondroblasts
-builds cartilage - matrix around cell - collagen fibers
-proteiglycens (water)

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10
Q

cartilage

A

non-inerverated (no nerves)
avascular - no blood vessels

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11
Q

Types of cartilage (2)

A

chondrocyte
- cartilage cell
- when the chondroblast is completely surrounded by by matrix

Lacunae - cacoon for CB

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12
Q

Types of cartilage (3)

A

Perichondrium
- connective tissue membrane around the cartilage
- inside layer of membrane
- inside has CB
- outside layer has blood vessels

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13
Q

Types of cartilage (4)

A

Articular cartilage
covers bone at joint

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14
Q

Types of cartilage (5)

A

Appositional growth
New chondrocytes and new matrix at the periphery

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15
Q

Types of cartilage (6)

A

Interstitial growth
(between)
Chondrocytes within the tissue
divide and add more matrix
between the cells

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16
Q

Between what ages are blasts and clasts the same?

A

30-50

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17
Q

what is bone always doing?

A

being taken apart and put together

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18
Q

In whom are blasts the most active?

A

children

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19
Q

Bone histology - matrix

A

Collagen fibers for strength - if collagen is gonna bones become brittle
hydroxapitate
minerals gone - bone is bendy

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20
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Builds bone
ossification - formation of bone

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

maintainer

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22
Q

lacunae

A

room that contains osteocytes and chondrocytes

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23
Q

canaliculi

A

a canal that connects osteocytes to blood supply

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24
Q

osteoclasts

A

Bone cutters - takes apart bones

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25
Q

Spongy bone

A

Found in ends of long bones
makes bones lighter

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26
Q

trabeculae

A

interconnecting rods or plates of bone
- spaces filled with marrow
- covered with endosteum
- oriented along stress lines

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27
Q

Compact bone

A
  • thickest in shaft
  • all around bones
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28
Q

Haversian canals

A

central goes the length of the bone
- has blood
- cells are arranged around canal

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29
Q

Lamellae

A
  • laminated
    The matrix that is laid down in compact bone
  • concentric, circumferential, interstitial
30
Q

Osteon

A

central canal, contents, associated concentric lamellae

31
Q

perforating canal

A

allow connections in circulatory system, to provide different ways to get placds

32
Q

Long bones

A

Upper and lower bones
- arms
- legs
- phalanges

33
Q

Short bones

A
  • Carpels
    -Tarsels
34
Q

Flat bones

A
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • skull
  • scapulae

(some flat and irregular bones of skull have sinuses lined by mucous membranes)

35
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • vertebrae
  • facial (bones)

(some flat and irregular bones of skull have sinuses lined by mucous membranes)

36
Q

Parts of a long bone

Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft
  • compact bone
37
Q

Parts of a long bone

Epiphysis

A
  • end of bone
  • spongy bone
38
Q

Parts of a long bone

Epiphyseal plate

A

line - when growth is done
Growth plate
- hyaline cartilage - present until growth stops

39
Q

Parts of a long bone

Medullary cavity

A
  • Hollow space in diaphysis
  • makes bone marrow
  • when bone marrow turns yellow - fat
40
Q

Parts of a long bone

Periosteum

A
  • Connective tissue around bone
  • at end of bone it becomes a tendon/ligament
  • Sharpey’s fiber - some tendon/ligament is penetrated into bone itself - strong
41
Q

Parts of a long bone

Articular joints

A
  • in joints
  • hyaline
  • left over
42
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

starts with membrane
- takes place in connective tissue membrane
- forms many skull bones (mandable - top of skull)

43
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

replace cartilage with bone
starts with cartilage

44
Q

Steps to endochondral ossification (7 - HPPFSAG)

A

H - hyaline cartilage in the rough shape of bone
P - periosteum forms collar bone
P - Primary ossification is in the center of diaphysis (blood vessels have to go in cartilage - osteoblasts make spongy bone)
F - Forming medullary cavity
S - Secondary ossification is in the epiphysis
A - Almost all cartilage is bone - any cartilage left is in the epiphyseal plate
G - Growth is done - epiphyseal line is there - articular cartilage is all that’s left

45
Q

Factors affecting bone growth (1)

A

Genetics - how big your bones are depends on your genetics

between age 12 (skull) and 25 (sacrum) all bones are done growing

46
Q

Factors affecting bone growth (2)

A

nutrition - calcium, protein, vitamin D and C

47
Q

Factors affecting bone growth (3)

A

hormones
growth hormone - thyroid hormone (all tissues need it)
pituitary hormones - makes growth
(both make you grow)
Sex hormones -
estrogen (2 years)
testosterone (longer than 2 years)

48
Q

Factors affecting bone growth (4)

A

Stress -
- extreme stress as a kid can stunt growth
- regulate stress can make bones stronger

49
Q

Bone remodeling (1)

A

Ca regulation -
Needed in muscles and neurons
- take in and out of bone

50
Q

Bone remodeling (2)

A

density -
- osteoclasts and blasts always at work
- want to put pressure on bone to make them stronger

51
Q

Bone repair (4 steps)

A

hematoma -
- mass of blood
comes from damaged blood vessels

Callus -
internal - form between ends of bones
external - forms collar around the break

Ossification -
“makes bone”
- replace callus (both internal and external) with spongy bone

Remodeling -
Compact bone replaces woven bone, part of the internal callus is removed, restoring medullary cavity.

52
Q

Ca Homeostasis

A

Variety of things happening to keep calcium moving - keeps everything the same. calcium is used for a lot

53
Q

What happens when you age (to your bones)

A
  • bones get more brittle
  • longer to heal
  • less dense
54
Q

Fractures - transverse

A

straight across

55
Q

Fractures - oblique

A

upper angle break

56
Q

Fractures - open

A

broke through skin

57
Q

Fractures - close

A

under skin (didn’t break through)

58
Q

Fractures - spiral

A

turned - twisted upward

59
Q

Fractures - longitudinal

A

straight up and down

60
Q

Fractures - green stick

A

bone bent and broke a little - but not all the way

61
Q

Fractures - compression

A

gets jammed together

62
Q

Fractures - depressed

A

indented break

63
Q

Fractures - impacted

A

broken pieces get jammed together

64
Q

Fractures - comminuted

A

3+ pieces

65
Q

Health issues (osteoporosis)

A
  • enough bone pause to cause problems
  • affects posture, teeth fall out, and breaking of bone
  • more common in women (happens near menopause - estrogen has to do with bone strength - so when estrogen goes down so does bone strength)
  • more common in smaller people
66
Q

Health issues (arthritis)

A
  • inflammation in joint which causes pain
  • rheumatoid arthritis - most common (caused by immune system problems)
  • wears out joint
67
Q

Health issues - Herniated disk

A
  • tremendous amount of force on disk - some material from inside goes to outside
  • pushes on nerves
68
Q

health issues - scoliosis

A

when spine curves to the side

69
Q

health issues - lordosis

A

too much curve to lumbar (more than normal) only bad if it pinches nerves

70
Q

health issues - kyphosis

A

too much of a curve with thoracic (hunch back)

anatomy (8 decks)

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