Functional Anatomy Flashcards
Component that provides rigidity
Mineral
Component that makes it resistant to tension
Protein
What is hardened by calcium salts and acts as a reservoir of calcium; maintenance of extracellular calcium concentration
Bone tissue
Calcium salts represent how much of the calcium body storage
98%
When extracellular levels fall too low, calcium is recruited from______ and mobilised to alt physiological destination based on need
Bone storage
__________Reflects the concentration in mineral in the bones, Significant reduction in __________ can lead to pre-disease condition known as osteopenia before progressing to the disease state known as ________
Represents the surface area of bones
Bone mineral density BMD
Osteoporosis
Bone mass
Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
Axial skeleton
Limbs and respective girdles
Synovial movement as well
Appendicular skeleton
cartilage is ossified in the _____ of long bones
About _____% of bone mass is obtained by age
Epiphyseal plates
90%
18
Bone development n children is critical and, consumption of ____ and _____ and participation in physical activity is vital
Vitamin d and calcium
BMD can be improved until age ____
The following factors dictate the rate of decline____ _____ ____
30
genetics behaviours lifestyle
Articulation; the intersection of two bones
Joint
Three joint classifications
Mineral
Moderate
Considerate
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
_____ and _____ provide structural support to strengthen joints
______Tough fibrous band of connective-tissue that supports internal organs and holds pounds together properly in joints
______ tough fibrous band of connective-tissue that connects muscles to bones
Ligaments and tendons
Ligaments
Tendons
Extremely flexible joints
HYPERmobility
Individuals with ____ and _____ should: strength and the surrounding tissue to encourage stability and be Cautious in half force activities
Joint laxity
HYPERmobility
Increases in bone mass occur from the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone tissue called
Bone length is attributed to
Appositional growth
Endochondral
What 2 major components make up the skeleton
Mineral and protein
How joints work:
Articulating surfaces provide ____
Local stabilisers create ____ that act on bone
_____ is structured in a way that produces a manage sufficient force development
Structural support
Internal force
connective-tissue
Name the 3 purposes of skeletal muscles
- Pulls on tendons; producing movement
- Produce tension, maintaining posture and sustaining body positions
- supports soft tissue
What is muscle fascia (fibrous connective tissue)
Separates muscles and muscle groups
Provides shape to the arranged fibers it contains
Maintains intramuscular tension.
Three parts of the skeletal muscular architecture
Muscle fascia
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
Long cylinder like fibers (muscle cells)
Myofibrils
Proteins within Myofibrils that set the actions of muscle into motion
Myofilaments
Thick Myofilaments
Thin filaments
Myosin
Actin
Describes locations positions and movements of limbs or other anatomical structures
Anatomical position
Describe the three positional lines and movement planes
Side by side-
Front n back
Superior n inferior components
Cable lat pulldown
Forward lunge
Cable truck rotation
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Transverse cartilaginous plate near the end of a child’s bone that is responsible for the lengthening growth of bone.
Epiphyseal plate
Initial abduction (0-30%) of the humerus is caused by the _____ muscle, which also serves to stabilize the shoulder joint
Supraspinatus muscle
Increasing the length of the _____ will increse the difficulty of exercise
Resistance Arm
the ______ consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
Causes trunk rotation and lateral flexion
external oblique
During an abdominal curl-up it is important that the pelvis remains tilted ____ during abdominal flexion due to the fact that the abdominals connect to the pelvis and not the femur
posteriorly
the primary muscle(s) trained during the supine pull over exercise include ______
latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
an anterior pelvic tilt would cause an increased ______ spinal curvature of the lumbar spine
lordotic
5 vertebral columns
cervical thoracic lunbar sacral coccygeal
vertebrae per region: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
7 12 5 1 1
four curvature of the vertebral column are: cervical - thoracic - sacral- lumbar -
lordotic
kyphotic
kyphotic
lordotic
an abnormal concave (inward) curvature of the spine:creates a swayback appearance
Lordotic (lord lives in a cave)
abnormal convex (outward) curve of upper portion of spine, creates a humpback
Kyphotic
spine that retains natural curves
neutral spine
small ____, base of neck
small_____, middle of back
small ____, lower back
lordotic
kyphotic
lordotic
fibrocartilaginous disc serve as a cushion between vertebrae of spinal column
intervertebral discs
Before or in front
Anterior or ventral
Behind a part or toward the rear
Posterior /dorsal
Crease of the axilla (underarm)
Anterior axillary line
Two dimensional connect anterior to posterior and superior to inferior. Front to back and top to bottom
Sagittal plane
Corresponding with the Sagittarius plane is the _____
Frontal or ______dissects into____ and _____
Runs_____to_______ and ____ to _____
Transverse axis.
Coronal
Front n back
Side side
Superior to inferior (top to bottom)
Axis of rotation for the transverse plane.
Longitudinal axis
Perpendicular line drawn downward from apex of axilla
Midaxillary
Nearest to the point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Farthest from point of attachment As a limb or bone
Distal
At,in, near, or being the center, dividing into right left halves
Medial
Situated or extending away from the medial line plane of the body
Lateral
Same side of body
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of body
Contra lateral
Shallow proximity in relation to surface
Ex:trapezius _____ to the rhomboids
Superficial
Extending inward in relation to surface layer
Deep
Bend; hinge joints… Articulating bones move closer together in ball n socket joints, the limb moves anterior to Midaxillary line
Flexion
Straighten or extend; in hinge joints the articulating bones move away from each other;
Ball n socket, limbs move posterior to Midaxillary line
Extension
Spinal movement to the left to right occurs at the neck and trunk
Lateral Flexion
Movement of a structure for the anterior surface in a straight horizontal line
Protraction
Movement back to the anatomical position or additionally, posterior to functional range of motion
Retraction
Movement of the ball of the foot towards the Shin
Dorsi flexion
Foot movement towards the ______ surface
Downward movement
Plantar flexion
Unique rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius and ulna. The palm faces posterior ;prone means lying face down
Pronation
Unique rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross. The Palm face anteriorly - face up
Supination
Confined to the ankles; consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially
Inversion
Confined to the ankle consist of turning the angles on the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally
Eversion
Away from midline
Abduction
Towards midline
Adduction
Joint action at the wrist that causes the hand to move medially toward the little finger in the frontal plane.
Ulnar deviation
Action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated away from the body from anatomical position
External rotation
Action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated toward the body from anatomical position.
Internal rotation.
Multiple-axis joint action where flexion is combined with abduction, and then adduction or extension and hyperextension are combined with abduction and then adduction.
Circumduction
Superior movement of the bone
Elevation
Inferior movement of the bone
Depression
Movement away from midline in transverse plane
Horizontal abduction
Involved in all movements that involve spine n trunk
Spine and pelvis
Trunk flexion
During trunk exercise
PM:rectus abdominus
erector spinae
Ex: good morning
PM:trunk extenison
trunk rotation
cable trunk rotation
PM: internal/external obliques
lateral flexion
ex: lateral crunch or dumbbell side bend
Prime movers:
internal and external obliques
rectus abdominus
quadratus lumbordum
ball and socket joints that allow for a greater degree of movement than any other body part
shoulder
which body bart can under circumduction w/out
damage
vast movement
shoulder
decreased stability
____ functions to counteract shoulder joint instability
rotator cuff
rotator cuff includes, counter shoulder instability
teres minor
infraspinatus
superspanatus
subscapularis
possible shoulder movements
flex n extend
abduct and adduct
horizontal abduct and adduct
internal and external rotation
movement:
Shoulder flex
ex: dumbbell frontal raise
Prime M:
Deltoid: anterior head
movement:
shoulder extension w/straight arms
ex:
PM: latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
movement:
shoulder extension w/ elbow flexion
ex: seated row
PM: latissimus dorsi
movement:
shoulder abduction
dumbbell lateral raise
deltoid medial head
movement:
shoulder adduction
cable pulldown
latissimus dorsi
movement:
shoulder horizontal adduction
EX; DUMBBELL FLY EXERCISE
pectoralis MAJOR
movement:
shoulder horizontal abduction
EX: dumbbell reverse fly
PM: deltoid - posterior raise
movement: internal rotation
PM: subscapularis
movement :external rotation
EX: any rotator cuff exercise
PM: Teres minor and infraspinatus
connectivity of the scapulae w/glenohumeral joints
shoulder girdle (shoulder complex)
prime movers of the shoulder girdle
scapular elevation depression protraction retraction upward rotation downward rotation
movement: scapular elevation
ex: loaded shrug
PM: upper trapezius
movement; scpular depression
ex; cable pulldown
PM: lower trapezius
pectoralis minor
movement: scapular protraction
single arm press
PM; serratus anterior
movement:scapular retraction
ex; seated row
PM: rhomboid major
movements of elbow are (2)
FLEX AND EXTEND
movement: elbow flexion
ex: bicep curl exercise
PM: biceps brachii
movement: elbow extension
cable pushdown
PM: triceps brachii
movements of wrist
flex and ext
supination and pronation
radial and ulnar deviation
hip is a ball and socket joint that can (7)
flex and extend
hyperextend
abduct and adduct
internal and external rotate
movemnet: hip flexion
ex: knee raise
PM: illiopsoas
simultaneous movemnt of the psoas major and the illiacus, which fire together; describing the _______
illiopsoas
movement: hip extension
ex: squat or romanian deadlift
PM; gluteus maximus
upper hamstring
movement: hip adbuction
ex: lateral squat
PM; gluteus medius
gluteus minimis
tensor fascia latae
movement: hip adduction
lateral lunge
PM:brevis longus
brevis magnus
pectineus
major external interal rotator
periformus
movemnt of flex and extend only
knee
movemnt: knee flex
ex: prone leg curl
PM: bicep femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
movement: knee extension
ex: leg press
PM; rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vasus intermedius
vastus medialis
the ____ is a hinge joint that allows for (4)
ankle
plantar and dorsi flexion
eversion and inversion
movement: plantarflexion
standing calf raise
PM: gastocnemius
soleus
movement: dorsiflexion
ex: toe raise
PM: tibialis anterior
