Functional Anatomy Flashcards by Mia la Che

Component that provides rigidity

Mineral

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Component that makes it resistant to tension

Protein

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What is hardened by calcium salts and acts as a reservoir of calcium; maintenance of extracellular calcium concentration

Bone tissue

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Calcium salts represent how much of the calcium body storage

98%

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When extracellular levels fall too low, calcium is recruited from______ and mobilised to alt physiological destination based on need

Bone storage

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__________Reflects the concentration in mineral in the bones, Significant reduction in __________ can lead to pre-disease condition known as osteopenia before progressing to the disease state known as ________

Represents the surface area of bones

Bone mineral density BMD
Osteoporosis
Bone mass

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Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage

Axial skeleton

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Limbs and respective girdles

Synovial movement as well

Appendicular skeleton

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cartilage is ossified in the _____ of long bones

About _____% of bone mass is obtained by age

Epiphyseal plates

90%

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Bone development n children is critical and, consumption of ____ and _____ and participation in physical activity is vital

Vitamin d and calcium

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BMD can be improved until age ____

The following factors dictate the rate of decline____ _____ ____

genetics behaviours lifestyle

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Articulation; the intersection of two bones

Joint

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Three joint classifications
Mineral
Moderate
Considerate

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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_____ and _____ provide structural support to strengthen joints

______Tough fibrous band of connective-tissue that supports internal organs and holds pounds together properly in joints

______ tough fibrous band of connective-tissue that connects muscles to bones

Ligaments and tendons
Ligaments
Tendons

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Extremely flexible joints

HYPERmobility

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Individuals with ____ and _____ should: strength and the surrounding tissue to encourage stability and be Cautious in half force activities

Joint laxity

HYPERmobility

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Increases in bone mass occur from the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone tissue called

Bone length is attributed to

Appositional growth

Endochondral

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What 2 major components make up the skeleton

Mineral and protein

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How joints work:

Articulating surfaces provide ____
Local stabilisers create ____ that act on bone
_____ is structured in a way that produces a manage sufficient force development

Structural support
Internal force
connective-tissue

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Name the 3 purposes of skeletal muscles

Pulls on tendons; producing movement
Produce tension, maintaining posture and sustaining body positions
supports soft tissue

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What is muscle fascia (fibrous connective tissue)

Separates muscles and muscle groups

Provides shape to the arranged fibers it contains

Maintains intramuscular tension.

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Three parts of the skeletal muscular architecture

Muscle fascia
Myofibrils
Myofilaments

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Long cylinder like fibers (muscle cells)

Myofibrils

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Proteins within Myofibrils that set the actions of muscle into motion

Myofilaments

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Thick Myofilaments | Thin filaments

Myosin | Actin

Describes locations positions and movements of limbs or other anatomical structures

Anatomical position

Describe the three positional lines and movement planes Side by side- Front n back Superior n inferior components Cable lat pulldown Forward lunge Cable truck rotation

Sagittal Frontal Transverse Frontal Sagittal Transverse

Transverse cartilaginous plate near the end of a child's bone that is responsible for the lengthening growth of bone.

Epiphyseal plate

Initial abduction (0-30%) of the humerus is caused by the _____ muscle, which also serves to stabilize the shoulder joint

Supraspinatus muscle

Increasing the length of the _____ will increse the difficulty of exercise

Resistance Arm

the ______ consists of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

motor unit

Causes trunk rotation and lateral flexion

external oblique

During an abdominal curl-up it is important that the pelvis remains tilted ____ during abdominal flexion due to the fact that the abdominals connect to the pelvis and not the femur

posteriorly

the primary muscle(s) trained during the supine pull over exercise include ______

latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major

an anterior pelvic tilt would cause an increased ______ spinal curvature of the lumbar spine

lordotic

5 vertebral columns

``` cervical thoracic lunbar sacral coccygeal ```

``` vertebrae per region: cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal ```

``` 7 12 5 1 1 ```

``` four curvature of the vertebral column are: cervical - thoracic - sacral- lumbar - ```

lordotic kyphotic kyphotic lordotic

an abnormal concave (inward) curvature of the spine:creates a swayback appearance

Lordotic (lord lives in a cave)

abnormal convex (outward) curve of upper portion of spine, creates a humpback

Kyphotic

spine that retains natural curves

neutral spine

small ____, base of neck small_____, middle of back small ____, lower back

lordotic kyphotic lordotic

fibrocartilaginous disc serve as a cushion between vertebrae of spinal column

intervertebral discs

Before or in front

Anterior or ventral

Behind a part or toward the rear

Posterior /dorsal

Crease of the axilla (underarm)

Anterior axillary line

Two dimensional connect anterior to posterior and superior to inferior. Front to back and top to bottom

Sagittal plane

Corresponding with the Sagittarius plane is the _____ Frontal or ______dissects into____ and _____ Runs_____to_______ and ____ to _____

Transverse axis. Coronal Front n back Side side Superior to inferior (top to bottom)

Axis of rotation for the transverse plane.

Longitudinal axis

Perpendicular line drawn downward from apex of axilla

Midaxillary

Nearest to the point of attachment or origin

Proximal

Farthest from point of attachment As a limb or bone

Distal

At,in, near, or being the center, dividing into right left halves

Medial

Situated or extending away from the medial line plane of the body

Lateral

Same side of body

Ipsilateral

Opposite side of body

Contra lateral

Shallow proximity in relation to surface Ex:trapezius _____ to the rhomboids

Superficial

Extending inward in relation to surface layer

Deep

Bend; hinge joints... Articulating bones move closer together in ball n socket joints, the limb moves anterior to Midaxillary line

Flexion

Straighten or extend; in hinge joints the articulating bones move away from each other; Ball n socket, limbs move posterior to Midaxillary line

Extension

Spinal movement to the left to right occurs at the neck and trunk

Lateral Flexion

Movement of a structure for the anterior surface in a straight horizontal line

Protraction

Movement back to the anatomical position or additionally, posterior to functional range of motion

Retraction

Movement of the ball of the foot towards the Shin

Dorsi flexion

Foot movement towards the ______ surface Downward movement

Plantar flexion

Unique rotation of the forearm which crosses the radius and ulna. The palm faces posterior ;prone means lying face down

Pronation

Unique rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross. The Palm face anteriorly - face up

Supination

Confined to the ankles; consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially

Inversion

Confined to the ankle consist of turning the angles on the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally

Eversion

Away from midline

Abduction

Towards midline

Adduction

Joint action at the wrist that causes the hand to move medially toward the little finger in the frontal plane.

Ulnar deviation

Action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated away from the body from anatomical position

External rotation

Action at the shoulder and hip joint where the articulating bone is rotated toward the body from anatomical position.

Internal rotation.

Multiple-axis joint action where flexion is combined with abduction, and then adduction or extension and hyperextension are combined with abduction and then adduction.

Circumduction

Superior movement of the bone

Elevation

Inferior movement of the bone

Depression

Movement away from midline in transverse plane

Horizontal abduction

Involved in all movements that involve spine n trunk

Spine and pelvis

Trunk flexion During trunk exercise

PM:rectus abdominus

erector spinae | Ex: good morning

PM:trunk extenison

trunk rotation | cable trunk rotation

PM: internal/external obliques

lateral flexion | ex: lateral crunch or dumbbell side bend

Prime movers: internal and external obliques rectus abdominus quadratus lumbordum

ball and socket joints that allow for a greater degree of movement than any other body part

shoulder

which body bart can under circumduction w/out damage vast movement

shoulder decreased stability

____ functions to counteract shoulder joint instability

rotator cuff

rotator cuff includes, counter shoulder instability

teres minor infraspinatus superspanatus subscapularis

possible shoulder movements

flex n extend abduct and adduct horizontal abduct and adduct internal and external rotation

movement: Shoulder flex ex: dumbbell frontal raise

Prime M: | Deltoid: anterior head

movement: shoulder extension w/straight arms ex:

PM: latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major

movement: shoulder extension w/ elbow flexion ex: seated row

PM: latissimus dorsi

movement: shoulder abduction dumbbell lateral raise

deltoid medial head

movement: shoulder adduction cable pulldown

latissimus dorsi

movement: shoulder horizontal adduction EX; DUMBBELL FLY EXERCISE

pectoralis MAJOR

movement: shoulder horizontal abduction EX: dumbbell reverse fly

PM: deltoid - posterior raise

movement: internal rotation

PM: subscapularis

movement :external rotation | EX: any rotator cuff exercise

PM: Teres minor and infraspinatus

connectivity of the scapulae w/glenohumeral joints

shoulder girdle (shoulder complex)

prime movers of the shoulder girdle

``` scapular elevation depression protraction retraction upward rotation downward rotation ```

movement: scapular elevation ex: loaded shrug

PM: upper trapezius

movement; scpular depression | ex; cable pulldown

PM: lower trapezius | pectoralis minor

movement: scapular protraction | single arm press

PM; serratus anterior

movement:scapular retraction | ex; seated row

PM: rhomboid major

movements of elbow are (2)

FLEX AND EXTEND

movement: elbow flexion ex: bicep curl exercise

PM: biceps brachii

movement: elbow extension | cable pushdown

PM: triceps brachii

movements of wrist

flex and ext supination and pronation radial and ulnar deviation

hip is a ball and socket joint that can (7)

flex and extend hyperextend abduct and adduct internal and external rotate

movemnet: hip flexion ex: knee raise

PM: illiopsoas

simultaneous movemnt of the psoas major and the illiacus, which fire together; describing the _______

illiopsoas

movement: hip extension ex: squat or romanian deadlift

PM; gluteus maximus | upper hamstring

movement: hip adbuction ex: lateral squat

PM; gluteus medius gluteus minimis tensor fascia latae

movement: hip adduction | lateral lunge

PM:brevis longus brevis magnus pectineus

major external interal rotator

periformus

movemnt of flex and extend only

knee

movemnt: knee flex ex: prone leg curl

PM: bicep femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus

movement: knee extension ex: leg press

PM; rectus femoris vastus lateralis vasus intermedius vastus medialis

the ____ is a hinge joint that allows for (4)

ankle plantar and dorsi flexion eversion and inversion

movement: plantarflexion | standing calf raise

PM: gastocnemius | soleus

movement: dorsiflexion ex: toe raise

PM: tibialis anterior