Bioenergetics Flashcards
Unit measuring the energy value of foods, calibrated by quantity of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius
Calorie
Unit of energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of kilo gram of water by one degree Celsius
Kilocalorie
Is the measurement of heat generated as a result of metabolism
Direct calorimetry
Represents the actual energy that the body will yield from the foods it consumes, how the body digests
Coefficient of digestiibility
Protein that catalysed a biochemical reaction or change
Enzyme
Organic compound found in muscle and other tissues that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine
Creatine kinase
The process of adding an inorganic phosphate back to a molecule such as ADP
Re-phosphorylate
Process of energy production in the body in the absence of freely available oxygen
Anaerobic
Metabolic process that breaks down carbs and sugar, through series of pyruvic acid or lactic acid, releasing energy for the body in the form of ATP
Glycolysis
Intracellular organelle responsible for generating most of the ATP required for cellular operations
Mitochondria
Chemical reaction where the variation of free energy is negative, identifying the direction that the reaction will follow
Exergonic reaction
Energy substrate produced during the metabolic breakdown of glucose
Lactic acid
Energy substrate deemed as the end product in glycolysis
Pyruvate
Physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion
Fatigue
Buffered from lactic acid which can serve as an additional energy source
Lactate
Generation of glucose from other organic molecules like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids (alanine and glutamine)
Glucoenogenisis
Describes the specifics for the transport of heat and work in thermodynamic processes
Law of thermodynamics
Refers to the recycling of lactate or lactic acid produced by muscle during anaerobic metabolism. Lactate converted to glucose by the liver
Cori cycle
Formation of oxygen debt. Difference between oxygen uptake of the body in early stages of exercise and during a similar duration in a steady state of exercise
Oxygen deficit
Body’s ability to produce energy (ATP) in the presence of freely available oxygen
Aerobic system
Amount of extra oxygen required by muscle tissue during post exercise recovery from vigorous activity
Recovery oxygen consumption
Basic organic molecules consisting of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that combine to form proteins
Amino acids
Cortisol released during exercise will remove proteins from tissue. Including leucine, isoleucine, glutamine, aspartic acid, and valine, used as fuel during long term exercise boughts
Branches chained amino acids
Series of enzymatic reaction in the mitochondria, involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds, which produce high-energy phosphate compounds (ATP) that are the source of cellular energy
Citric acid cycle or kreb cycle
The formation of ATP from the energy released by the oxidation of various substrates, especially the organic acids involved in the kreb cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Consist of a glycerol and three fatty acids bound in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body
Triglycerides
An enzyme capable of breaking down a lipid (fat) molecule
Lipase
Form part of a lipid molecule and can be derivative from fat by hydrolysis, often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains) either saturated or unsaturated
Fatty acids
The breakdown of lipids
Lipolysis
A blood proteins produced in the liver that helps to regulate water distribution in the body
Albumin
My fatty acids are not attached to other molecules they are known as free fatty acids
Free fatty acid
Compounds of proteins are Keary fairs and fat like substances such as cholesterol in the blood
Lipoproteins
Is the process by which fats are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, the entry for the citric acid cycle
Beta oxidation
A compound that functions as a coenzyme in many biological Acetylation reactions is formed as an intermediate in the oxidation of carbohydrates fats and proteins
Acetyl-CoA
To break down a protein by removing an amino group
Deaminate
The transfer of an amino acid from one molecule to another without the intermediate formation of ammonia
Transamination
A series of oxidation reduction reactions during the aerobic production of ATP
Electron transport
The buffered form of oxaloacetic acid that binds with acetyl- CoA to enter the citric acid cycle
Oxaloacetate
Fatigue during physical work caused by an inability of the body to supply sufficient energy to the contracting muscles to methane creased energy demand. This causes contractile dysfunction that is manifested in the eventual reduction or lack of ability of a single muscle or local group of muscles to do work
Acute peripheral fatigue
The central component to fatigue generally described as a reduction in the neural drive or nerve based motor command to working muscles that results in a decline in the force output
Central fatigue
an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid; found in the muscles of vertebrates where its hydrolysis releases energy for muscular contraction
Low rep schemes, longer rest, max performance in energy
Resting 10-15 sec, replenish 2-5 min
Creatine phosphate
Phase of metabolism involving use of oxygen and mitochondria
Aerobic
