Friends and enemies

Question 1

Name the 2 things we base choosing friends on

Answer 1

Selection and socialisation

Question 2

Define reputational salience

Answer 2

Extent to which similar type of behaviour is important in terms of social standing

Question 3

Explain sex differences Hartup found regarding similarities between friends

Answer 3

Girls show more similarity between friends on prosocial/antisocial, boys more similar on shyness

Question 4

State the 2 benefits of friendships

Answer 4

Emotional support and salience/validation (enhancement of worth and combat of loneliness), buffering effect against victimisation by peers

Question 5

Do friendships interact with social factors? (6)

Answer 5

No. of friends correlated with victimisation, behavioural/social risk are important, mitigates effects of victimisation, development of social/cognitive skills, moral skills, long term benefits

Question 6

What are the disadvantages of friendships? (2)

Answer 6

Negative friendships are damaging, high levels of conflict and rivalry. Influence on antisocial behaviour

Question 7

The magnification hypothesis is?

Answer 7

2 friends show antisocial behaviour, increases and makes it worse. Influence becomes dangerous of grouping antisocial children together

Question 8

What does social support theory suppose?

Answer 8

Supportive social relationships are always beneficial.

Question 9

Name the 5 types of aggression

Answer 9

Physical (threat/damage), relational (inclusion), verbal (insults), indirect (covert), social (self-esteem/status damage)

Question 10

Proactive aggression is…

Answer 10

A deliberate behaviour to achieve a goal

Question 11

For friendships to be successful, which qualities should they possess?

Answer 11

Must be reciprocal, mutual affection, voluntary relationship

Question 12

Describe physical aggression (object possession) in pre-school

Answer 12

Instrumental aim to acquire object - verbal aggression increases, physical decreases

Question 13

Explain changes of physical aggression in middle childhood

Answer 13

More concerned with individuals - aggression is bullying

Question 14

Changes in physical aggression in adolescence include…

Answer 14

Decrease in physical aggression. Gender differences are marked

Question 15

Describe relational aggression from pre-school to adolescence

Answer 15

Pre-school = basic. Middle childhood = manipulate peer group, covert, retribution for past acts. Adolescence = complex/subtle. Opposite-gender relations become important

Question 16

Who are often victims of bullying?

Answer 16

Those who are lonely with low self-esteem. Those with physical weakness (boys), overprotective parenting.

Question 17

Describe the social information processing model (5)

Answer 17

Encode internal/external cues, interpret cues and make attributions. Access possible behavioural responses, evaluate responses according to goals. Response exactment

Question 18

List outcomes of victimisation

Answer 18

Poor peer relationships, increased anxiety & depression, externalising problems, poor physical health, psychosis-like symptoms

Question 19

Who are the bullies?

Answer 19

Not anxious and insecure necessarily. Average/below average popularity, antisocial disorder, weak control over impulses

Question 20

Which types of aggression are present in cyber bullying?

Answer 20

Verbal, relational, indirect and social

Question 21

Describe the effects of cyberbullying (4)

Answer 21

Depression psychosomatic problems, suicidal thoughts, associations with popularity

Question 22

Of 6-9 year olds, how many have been bullies, bully/victims and victims of DIRECT aggression?

Answer 22

Bullies - 4.3%, b/v - 10.2%, victims - 39.8%

Question 23

Of 6-9 year olds, how many bullies, bully/victims and victims were involved in relational aggression?

Answer 23

Bullies - 1.1%, b/v - 5.9%, victims - 37.9%

Question 24

Describe Sapoura and Wolkes research on virtual reality intervention

Answer 24

Significant for UK at T2 (4 weeks after), intervention group more likely to escape victimisation at T1 than control

Question 25

Relational aggression is associated with what?

Answer 25

Adjustment problems, internalising problems and externalising difficulties

Question 26

Relationally aggressive acts deprive children of opportunities to satisfy which social needs? (4)

Answer 26

Closeness, friendship, acceptance and social psychological experiences