Friends and enemies Flashcards
Name the 2 things we base choosing friends on
Selection and socialisation
Define reputational salience
Extent to which similar type of behaviour is important in terms of social standing
Explain sex differences Hartup found regarding similarities between friends
Girls show more similarity between friends on prosocial/antisocial, boys more similar on shyness
State the 2 benefits of friendships
Emotional support and salience/validation (enhancement of worth and combat of loneliness), buffering effect against victimisation by peers
Do friendships interact with social factors? (6)
No. of friends correlated with victimisation, behavioural/social risk are important, mitigates effects of victimisation, development of social/cognitive skills, moral skills, long term benefits
What are the disadvantages of friendships? (2)
Negative friendships are damaging, high levels of conflict and rivalry. Influence on antisocial behaviour
The magnification hypothesis is?
2 friends show antisocial behaviour, increases and makes it worse. Influence becomes dangerous of grouping antisocial children together
What does social support theory suppose?
Supportive social relationships are always beneficial.
Name the 5 types of aggression
Physical (threat/damage), relational (inclusion), verbal (insults), indirect (covert), social (self-esteem/status damage)
Proactive aggression is…
A deliberate behaviour to achieve a goal
For friendships to be successful, which qualities should they possess?
Must be reciprocal, mutual affection, voluntary relationship
Describe physical aggression (object possession) in pre-school
Instrumental aim to acquire object - verbal aggression increases, physical decreases
Explain changes of physical aggression in middle childhood
More concerned with individuals - aggression is bullying
Changes in physical aggression in adolescence include…
Decrease in physical aggression. Gender differences are marked
Describe relational aggression from pre-school to adolescence
Pre-school = basic. Middle childhood = manipulate peer group, covert, retribution for past acts. Adolescence = complex/subtle. Opposite-gender relations become important
Who are often victims of bullying?
Those who are lonely with low self-esteem. Those with physical weakness (boys), overprotective parenting.
Describe the social information processing model (5)
Encode internal/external cues, interpret cues and make attributions. Access possible behavioural responses, evaluate responses according to goals. Response exactment
List outcomes of victimisation
Poor peer relationships, increased anxiety & depression, externalising problems, poor physical health, psychosis-like symptoms
Who are the bullies?
Not anxious and insecure necessarily. Average/below average popularity, antisocial disorder, weak control over impulses
Which types of aggression are present in cyber bullying?
Verbal, relational, indirect and social
Describe the effects of cyberbullying (4)
Depression psychosomatic problems, suicidal thoughts, associations with popularity
Of 6-9 year olds, how many have been bullies, bully/victims and victims of DIRECT aggression?
Bullies - 4.3%, b/v - 10.2%, victims - 39.8%
Of 6-9 year olds, how many bullies, bully/victims and victims were involved in relational aggression?
Bullies - 1.1%, b/v - 5.9%, victims - 37.9%
Describe Sapoura and Wolkes research on virtual reality intervention
Significant for UK at T2 (4 weeks after), intervention group more likely to escape victimisation at T1 than control
Relational aggression is associated with what?
Adjustment problems, internalising problems and externalising difficulties
Relationally aggressive acts deprive children of opportunities to satisfy which social needs? (4)
Closeness, friendship, acceptance and social psychological experiences
