Behavioural immunology Flashcards
Define high ethnocentricity
Believe own culture is superior to others - pride in own culture
What is xenophobia?
Fear of other culture corrupting other cultures ideas. Opposite is xenophilia, where you like all cultures
Prejudice is…
Judging someone based on group and membership. Accurate or inaccurate, stereotyping, negative often.
Explain US prejudice against Mexican Americans and gay Americans
Prejudice towards both. Aggression with Mexicans, health concerns with gay men. Main threats are interpersonal violence and infectious diseases
Describe error management theory
Recognises people are biased to false claims. False positive better than false negative.
Explain the study regarding error management theory
3 guys - 1 normal, 1 birthmark, 1 influenza. Birthmark represents false signal. Videoed using props, ppt repeats action. Respond in same way to birthmark as influenza (non-dangerous and dangerous cues)
Why do we have prejudice? (5)
Media often show it, lack of education of other cultures, influences of parents, terms e.g. immigrants, expat, see people from other groups (outgroups) as threats
List the threats outgroups bring (7)
Lowering status, bring infectious diseases, stealing food, disrupt social hierarchy, stealing mates, taking land and property, cheating out of resources
Which gender shows more prejudice?
Males show more prejudice
State the problems of infectious diseases (3)
Responsible for 1/3rd deaths worldwide. 51% of years life lost. Pathogens main environmental selective pressure for human genome
Name the 4 measures to avoid infectious diseases
Avoiding outgroup people, aspects of hygiene. Safe sex to avoid STDs, vaccinations % medicine to minimise experience of infections
Describe a false positive error and false negative error regarding infectious diseases
Positive = Assumption about someone who is fine, but perceived as dangerous. Negative = Dangerous, but perceive them as benign
State the 3 collectivist values
Ethnocentrism - social preference for ingroups, xenophobia - avoidance of outgroups, philopatry - limited dispersal from birth region and with local reproduction
The 3 individualistic views are…
Reduced nepotism towards ingroups, xenophilia - valuing outgroups, increased dispersal from birth region
More infections meant people had a greater preference for which features?
More infections = greater preference for sex-typical facial features
Does sensitivity lead to ingroup bias? (3)
Felt vulnerable to disease - more ingroup bias, pregnant in 1st trimester - more sensitive to disgust and more ingroup bias
Define social bias
Avoiding outsiders to reduce exposure to pathogens. People who felt vulnerable to disease show more xenophobia. Primed to feel vulnerable to disease are more xenophobic.
Strength of family ties refers to
Interdependence on and loyalty given to individual’s extended family
Define religiosity
Dedication and commitment to ingroup and their ways/beliefs. Positively associated with pathogen stress
Which 2 things does ingroup assortativeness combine?
Combines strength of family ties and religiosity (measures dedication)
What measures of nation’s trade closedness does trade openness provide based on 5 factors?
Nontariff barriers, high tariff rates, black market exchange rates, presence of socialist economic system, presence of state monopoly on major exports
What was examined to look at effect on societal wealth and freedom? (2)
Resource distribution, human freedom
Name the most influential predictor of in-group assortativeness
Parasite stress
Explain what is meant by logistic regression
Disease prevalence is lowest where trade openness is highest
Explain the correlation between disease and imports
Provides measure of centrality of a nation for international flow of music from 2002-2006. Higher values indicate greater contrality
In what ways can infectious disease stress bias trade? (3)
Acute effects, development of anti-parasite defences, affects trading goods with no physical contact
Describe the classical immune system
Physiological, cellular and tissue based mechanisms of defence against parasites
Describe the behavioural immune system
Psychology and behaviour for infectious-disease avoidance and infection management. People have both
