Behavioural immunology

Question 1

Define high ethnocentricity

Answer 1

Believe own culture is superior to others - pride in own culture

Question 2

What is xenophobia?

Answer 2

Fear of other culture corrupting other cultures ideas. Opposite is xenophilia, where you like all cultures

Question 3

Prejudice is…

Answer 3

Judging someone based on group and membership. Accurate or inaccurate, stereotyping, negative often.

Question 4

Explain US prejudice against Mexican Americans and gay Americans

Answer 4

Prejudice towards both. Aggression with Mexicans, health concerns with gay men. Main threats are interpersonal violence and infectious diseases

Question 5

Describe error management theory

Answer 5

Recognises people are biased to false claims. False positive better than false negative.

Question 6

Explain the study regarding error management theory

Answer 6

3 guys - 1 normal, 1 birthmark, 1 influenza. Birthmark represents false signal. Videoed using props, ppt repeats action. Respond in same way to birthmark as influenza (non-dangerous and dangerous cues)

Question 7

Why do we have prejudice? (5)

Answer 7

Media often show it, lack of education of other cultures, influences of parents, terms e.g. immigrants, expat, see people from other groups (outgroups) as threats

Question 8

List the threats outgroups bring (7)

Answer 8

Lowering status, bring infectious diseases, stealing food, disrupt social hierarchy, stealing mates, taking land and property, cheating out of resources

Question 9

Which gender shows more prejudice?

Answer 9

Males show more prejudice

Question 10

State the problems of infectious diseases (3)

Answer 10

Responsible for 1/3rd deaths worldwide. 51% of years life lost. Pathogens main environmental selective pressure for human genome

Question 11

Name the 4 measures to avoid infectious diseases

Answer 11

Avoiding outgroup people, aspects of hygiene. Safe sex to avoid STDs, vaccinations % medicine to minimise experience of infections

Question 12

Describe a false positive error and false negative error regarding infectious diseases

Answer 12

Positive = Assumption about someone who is fine, but perceived as dangerous. Negative = Dangerous, but perceive them as benign

Question 13

State the 3 collectivist values

Answer 13

Ethnocentrism - social preference for ingroups, xenophobia - avoidance of outgroups, philopatry - limited dispersal from birth region and with local reproduction

Question 14

The 3 individualistic views are…

Answer 14

Reduced nepotism towards ingroups, xenophilia - valuing outgroups, increased dispersal from birth region

Question 15

More infections meant people had a greater preference for which features?

Answer 15

More infections = greater preference for sex-typical facial features

Question 16

Does sensitivity lead to ingroup bias? (3)

Answer 16

Felt vulnerable to disease - more ingroup bias, pregnant in 1st trimester - more sensitive to disgust and more ingroup bias

Question 17

Define social bias

Answer 17

Avoiding outsiders to reduce exposure to pathogens. People who felt vulnerable to disease show more xenophobia. Primed to feel vulnerable to disease are more xenophobic.

Question 18

Strength of family ties refers to

Answer 18

Interdependence on and loyalty given to individual’s extended family

Question 19

Define religiosity

Answer 19

Dedication and commitment to ingroup and their ways/beliefs. Positively associated with pathogen stress

Question 20

Which 2 things does ingroup assortativeness combine?

Answer 20

Combines strength of family ties and religiosity (measures dedication)

Question 21

What measures of nation’s trade closedness does trade openness provide based on 5 factors?

Answer 21

Nontariff barriers, high tariff rates, black market exchange rates, presence of socialist economic system, presence of state monopoly on major exports

Question 22

What was examined to look at effect on societal wealth and freedom? (2)

Answer 22

Resource distribution, human freedom

Question 23

Name the most influential predictor of in-group assortativeness

Answer 23

Parasite stress

Question 24

Explain what is meant by logistic regression

Answer 24

Disease prevalence is lowest where trade openness is highest

Question 25

Explain the correlation between disease and imports

Answer 25

Provides measure of centrality of a nation for international flow of music from 2002-2006. Higher values indicate greater contrality

Question 26

In what ways can infectious disease stress bias trade? (3)

Answer 26

Acute effects, development of anti-parasite defences, affects trading goods with no physical contact

Question 27

Describe the classical immune system

Answer 27

Physiological, cellular and tissue based mechanisms of defence against parasites

Question 28

Describe the behavioural immune system

Answer 28

Psychology and behaviour for infectious-disease avoidance and infection management. People have both