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France Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Name the subregions of the Loire Valley

A

Pays Nantais
Anjou-saumur
Touraine
Central Vineyards

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2
Q

Define Méthode traditionnelle

A

the ‘traditional method’ used to produce sparkling wines. The term has been particularly useful since 1994, when the European Union ruled that the synonymous Methode Champenoise (Champagne method) could be used officially only in the Champagne region. Other analogous terms include ‘Méthode Classique’, ‘Classic Method’ and ‘Metodo Classico’. The process is defined by a secondary in-bottle fermentation, induced by adding a liqueur de tirage (a mixture of wine, sugar and yeast). The carbon dioxide produced by this secondary fermentation is trapped inside the bottle, giving the wine its sparkle. Other stages in the methode traditionelle include riddling or rémuage (in which the upturned bottle is regularly turned, to bring the dead yeast cells into the bottle neck) and disgorgement (in which these cells are removed). The final step before corking is dosage, in which the bottle is topped up with a mix of base wine and sugar (liqueur d’expédition)

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3
Q

Define Moulleux

A

Botryitized sweet desert wine

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4
Q

Loire Valley AOCs for Cabernet Franc

A

Chinon AOC
Bourguel AOC
St. Nicolas de Bourguel AOC

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5
Q

AOCs for botrytized Loire Wine

A

Bonnozeaux AOC
Coteaux du Layon AOC
Quarts de Chaume AOC

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6
Q

Sparkling AOC wine of Loire

A

Cremant de Loire AOC

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7
Q

Synonym for Muscadet Grape

A

Melon B or Bourgogne

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8
Q

Best subregion for Muscadet

A

Muscadet de Sevre-et-Maine

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9
Q

Main grape of Vouvray

A

Chenin Blanc

Vouvray AOC is in the Touraine, Loire Valley

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10
Q

Noble grapes of Alsace

A

Riesling
Gewurtraminer
Pinot Gris
Muscat

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11
Q

AOCs of Alsace

A

Alsace AOC
Cremant de Alsace AOC
Alsace Grand Cru AOC

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12
Q

Role of the Vosges Mountains in the Alsatian climate

A

Create a rain shadow effect for a dry and sunny climate

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13
Q

River that runs through Alsace and it’s direction

A

Rhine river runs north

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14
Q

Alsace labeling

A

By grape variety (vs regional labeling though out France)

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15
Q

Define negociant

A

Wine merchant - who buys grapes, must, grape juice and wine at various stages of completion and maturation. The results are bottled and sold under the negociants own label

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16
Q

Typical Alsatian wine style

A

Mostly white, dry, little to no oak, medium to high acidity, medium to high alcohol, more full and dry than German

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17
Q

Top Alsatian Producers

A 
Madison Trimbach
Hugel et Fils
Zind-Humbrecht
Domaine Ostertag
Weinbach 
Marcel Deiss
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18
Q

Alsatian Grand Crus

A 
There are 52 grand Crus
Brand
Ostertag
Eichberg 
Geisberg
Schoenenberg
Rangen
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19
Q

Gigondas climate

A

Mediterranean

It’s in the Southern Rhone Valley

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20
Q

Pouilly Fume climate

A

Continental

In the Loire Valley

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21
Q

Botrytized Loire Wine

A

Coteaux du Layon AOC
Quarts de Chaume AOC
Bonnozeaux AOC

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22
Q

Pouilly Fume main grape

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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23
Q

Cahor main grape

A

Malbec

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24
Q

Pomerol main grape

A

Merlot

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25
Q

Savennieres main grape

A

Chenin Blanc

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26
Q

Sancerre main grape

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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27
Q

Champagne grapes

A 
Chardonnay (white)
Pinot Noir (black)
Meunier (black)
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28
Q

Champagne Climate

A

Coldest, wettest, fine wine region in France

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29
Q

Champagne soil type

A

Chalky soil (belemnite and micraster)

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30
Q

Vosne-Romanée soil type

A

Clay soil (Limestone with Marl)

In Burgundy, Vosne-Romanée is noted for producing the world’s most acclaimed Pinot Noir on clay limestone soil called Marl.

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31
Q

Champagne Blanc de Blanc labeling

A

White of whites - Chardonnay grape wine

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32
Q

Champagne Blanc de Noirs labeling

A

White of Blacks (Pinot noir and Meunier grapes)

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33
Q

Too Champagne Producers

A 
Moet et Chandon (Dom Perignon)
Louis Roederer (Cristal)
Krug
Perrier Jouet (Belle Epoque)
Veuve Cliquot (La Grande Dame)
Tattinger (Comtes de Champagne)
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34
Q

Define Cremant

A

Sparkling wine made in France (excluding Champagne region)

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35
Q

Chaptalization

A

a winemaking process where sugar or concentrated grape juice is added to grape must prior to fermentation, in order to increase its potential alcohol. This form of ‘must enrichment’ (see also cryoextraction) is most often practiced in wine regions whose cool climate makes it difficult for grapes to reach optimum ripeness. Chaptalization is not a well-regarded practice, and is illegal in some countries (most obviously Italy).

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36
Q

Disgorgement

A

a stage in sparkling wine production, whereby the lees on which the wine has been aged are removed from the bottle necks (it applies only to the methode traditionelle). By immersing the inverted bottles into a freezing solution, the lees solidify into a single frozen pellet. When the seal is removed from the bottle, this pellet is ejected, propelled by the pressurized carbon dioxide created by the primary fermentation. The space created in the bottle by the ejected lees is then filled with a mixture of wine and sugars (see dosage).

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37
Q

Dosage

A

a term mostly used in the production of sparkling wines, referring to the process of topping up a bottle to adjust the sweetness level as well as the volume. This mixture usually consists of wine and sugar, but on rare occasions it can also include alcohol to ‘lift’ the alcoholic strength of the final product.

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38
Q

Define prise de mousse

A

2nd fermentation in Champagne making

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39
Q

Define Remuage or Riddling

A

In champagne making, moving the dead yeast to the neck of the bottle

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40
Q

Methode Rurale or Methode Ancestrale

A

Fermentation seizes when it’s cold and then when it’s warm again, the yeast complete the second fermentation when it gets warm again

  • no secondary fermentation
  • wine is bottled prior to completing primary fermentation
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41
Q

Sweetness in Champagne

A 
Brut Nature: 0-3g/L of sugar
Extra Brut: 0-6g/L
Brut: 0-12g/L
Extra Dry: 12-17g/L
Sec: 17-32g/L
Demi-Sec: 32-50g/L
Doux: 50+g/L
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42
Q

Name the AOC for Tannat grape

A

Madiran AOC in Southwest France

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43
Q

Name the Commune that specializes in Malbec

A

Cahors AOC in Southwest France

“Black Wine” - uses a minimum of 70% Malbec plus Merlot and Tannat

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44
Q

Name 3 Appellations in Sud-Ouest

A 
Madiran AOC
Cahors AOC
Irouleguy AOC
Bergerac AOC
Pecharmant AOC
Monbazillac AOC
Gaillac AOC
Jurancon AOC
Fronton AOC
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45
Q

Traditional sparkling wine of Languedoc

A

Cremant de Limoux AOC & Blanquette de Limoux AOC

  • both use methode traditionalle
  • Grapes: Mauzac, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc
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46
Q

Languedoc AOCs

A

Cremant de Limoux AOC

Corbieres AOC

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47
Q

Name the Commune that specializes in Malbec

A

Cahors AOC in Southwest France

“Black Wine” - uses a minimum of 70% Malbec plus Merlot and Tannat

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48
Q

Traditional sparkling wine of Languedoc

A

Cremant de Limoux AOC & Blanquette de Limoux AOC

  • both use methode traditionalle
  • Grapes: Mauzac, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc
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49
Q

Name 3 Appellations in Sud-Ouest

A 
Madiran AOC
Cahors AOC
Irouleguy AOC
Bergerac AOC
Pecharmant AOC
Monbazillac AOC
Gaillac AOC
Jurancon AOC
Fronton AOC
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50
Q

Which region does not have an AOC for Pinot Noir?

A

Bordeaux

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51
Q

Best sweet wines in Graves, Bordeaux?

A

Sauternes AOC
Barsac AOC
Cerons AOC

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52
Q

What is the most famous sweet botrytized wine in the world?

A

Chateau d’Yquiem

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53
Q

What are the Medoc 1st Growths premier Grand Crus classes?

A 
Chateau Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac, Medoc)
Chateau Mouton Rothschild (Pauillac Medoc)
Chateau Latour (Pauillac, Medoc)
Chateau Margaux (Margaux, Medoc)
Chateau Haut-Brion (Graves)
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54
Q

Which grape is the Left bank of Bordeaux dominated by?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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55
Q

Which grape is the right bank of Bordeaux dominated by?

A

Merlot

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56
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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57
Q

Which red grape is not planted in Bordeaux?

A

Pinot Noir

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58
Q

What is the main white grape of Burgundy?

A

Chardonnay

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59
Q

What is the main Red grape of Burgundy?

A

Pinot Noir

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60
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Bordeaux?

A

Merlot

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61
Q

What are the sub-regions of Bordeaux?

A

Medoc AOC
Graves AOC
Entre Deux Mers AOC

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62
Q

What is the climate in Bordeaux?

A

Maritime climate - moderate temperatures, there is humidity and mild

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63
Q

What type of soil is in Northern Graves?

A

Gravel soil

64
Q

What kind of soil is in Medoc ?

A

Gravel Soil

65
Q

What are the main white grape varieties in Bordeaux?

A

Semillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle

66
Q

What are the 5 communes within Sauternes AOC?

A 
Sauternes
Fargues
Bommes
Preignac
Barsac
67
Q

What kind of climate is good for sweet botrytized wine?

A

Wet/humid climate

Humidity allows the botrytis to grow on grapes

68
Q

What is the only Premier Cru Superiur Classe of Sauternes?

A

Chateau d’Yquiem

69
Q

Which region of France grows semillon grape?

A

Bordeaux

Semillon is usually blended with Sauvignon Blanc

70
Q

What’s the most famous region for Pinot Noir in France?

A

Cote de Nuit in Burgundy

71
Q

What are the premier grand Cris classes A in St. Emilion?

A

Chateau Ausone

Chateau Cheval Blanc

72
Q

Rhone Valley Climate in the North

A

Continental Climate

73
Q

Rhone Valley Climate in the South

A

Mediterranean climate

74
Q

Vin du Natural

A

a French term used for a style of wine with a high quantity of natural sugar. These wines are made by the mutage method, which involves the addition of grape spirit to stop fermentation – thereby retaining natural sugar. Grenache and Muscat are the most common grape varieties used for the production of vins doux naturel. According to French appellation laws, these wines should have an alcoholic strength of 15% to 18%, and a potential alcohol of at least 21.5%.

75
Q

Mutage

A

A winemaking process to artificially stop or ‘mute’ the alcoholic fermentation of grape juice (must), resulting in a wine with high levels of residual grape sugar. It involves the creation of an environment inhospitable to yeast, either by the addition of grape spirit or sulfur dioxide. Mutage is a standard procedure for making vin doux naturel and fortified wines.

76
Q

Condrieu AOC - Location, Main Grape and a notable producer?

A

Condrieu is located in Northern Rhone
White wine from Viognier
Notable Producers: Vernay, Guigal

77
Q

Climate in Bordeaux?

A

Maritime

Moderate temperatures with humidity and mold

78
Q

Main Southern Rhone grape Varieties

A

Red: Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre
White: Roussanne, Grenache Blanc

80
Q

Pomerol dominant soil type,

A

Clay

Iron pan under sand and clay

81
Q

St Emilion dominant soil type?

A

Gravel over limestone

82
Q

Subregions of Burgundy

A
  1. Chablis
  2. Côte d’Or
    Cote de Nuits
    Cote de Beaune
  3. Challonais
  4. Beaujolais
  5. Maconnais
83
Q

What is the AOC for Sauvignon Blanc in Burgundy?

A

Saint-Bris AOC in Chablis

84
Q

Type of soil in Chablis

A

Chalky Soil (limestone and kimmerdigian clay)

85
Q

AOC from Cote de Beaune that allows red only?

A

Pommard AOC

Volnay AOC

86
Q

Cote de Beaune Grand Crus

A 
Corton AOC - Red and White
Charlemagne AOC
Corton-Charlemagne
Batard Montrachet
Chevalier Montrachet
Montrachet
87
Q

C’ote d’Or portion best known for White Wines

A

All white Grand Crus are in Cote de Beaune (except Musigny Blanc)

88
Q

Cote de Nuits grapes

A

Pinot Noir predominates

Small amounts of gamay and Chardonnay

89
Q

Cote de Nuit Grand Crus from Vosne Romanee?

A 
La Grand Rue
La Romanee
Romanee Conti
La Tache
Richerborg
Romanee-Saint vivant
90
Q

Where is Pouilly Fuisse AOC and grape type?

A

In Maconnais, Burgundy

100% Chardonnay

91
Q

Pomerol important chateaus?

A

Perry’s
Chateau Le Fleur
Chateau Le Fleur Petrus

92
Q

What are the four famous wine communes in Medoc, or Haut Medoc AOC?

A

St. Estephe
Pauillac
St. Julien
Margaux

93
Q

Red Bordeaux Grapes?

A 
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon 
Cabernet Franc
Malbec
Petit Verdot
Carmenere
94
Q

AOC in France for Rose only?

A

Tavel AOC in Southern Rhone - rose only appellation

95
Q

Bandol grape?

A

Mourvedre grape

Bandol is in Provence

96
Q

Rose grapes in Provence?

A

Grenache and Mourvèdre

97
Q

Important AOCs in Southern Rhone

A

Tavel AOC
Chateneuf-du-Pape AOC
Gigondas AOC

98
Q

Languedoc AOCs

A

Minervois AOC
Corbieres AOC
Limoux AOC

99
Q

Roussillon AOCs for Vin Doux Naturel (VDN)

A

Banyuls AOC - 50% Grenache
Banyuls Grand Cru AOC - 75% Grenache (must age in barrels a minimum for 30 months)
Banyuls AOC Rancio (barrels are exposed to sunlight for a minimum of 2 years)
Maury AOC
Muscat de Riversaltes
Rivesaltes AOC
Grand Roussillon AOC

100
Q

Regions of Champagne

A 
Montaigne de Reims
Vallee de la Marne
Cote de Sezanne
The Aube
Cote de Blancs
101
Q

Champagne Methode Traditionaalle Sur Lie Aging

A

12 months minimum Sur lie aging
NV - 15 months minimum Sur lie aging
Vintage - 3 years minimum Sur Lie aging

102
Q

Most widely planted grape in France

A

Merlot

103
Q

Northern Rhône primary grape

A

Syrah

104
Q

Southern Rhône primary grape

A

Grenache (Syrah and Mourvèdre also famou)

105
Q

Northern Rhône famous AOCs

A

Côte-Rôtie & Hermitage

106
Q

Southern Rhône famous AOCs

A

Châteauneuf-du-Pape (18 permitted grapes)

107
Q

What are the two best vineyards in Savennières AOC, Anjou-Saumur, Loire Valley?

A

Clos de la Coulée de Serrant AOC

La Roche aux Moines AOC

108
Q

Clos

A

Burgundy labeling

Clos is a plot of vineyard land traditionally surrounded by dry stone walls

109
Q

Monopole

A

Burgundy labeling
Monopole is a parcel of land with single ownership. It’s a vineyard owned by a single producer which is very rare to see in Burgundy

110
Q

Cöte

A

Hillside or slope

111
Q

Classic regions for Chardonnay in Burgundy

A

Mâcon
Chablis
Pouilly-Fuissé

112
Q

Côte Chalonnais

A

Mercurey
Givry
Rully

113
Q

Chardonnay in Burgundy

A

Les Clos - is a Chablis Grand Cru

Meursault

114
Q

Pinot Noir in Burgundy

A

Pommard
Volnay
Gevrey-Chambertin
Musigny

115
Q

Gamay in Burgundy

A

Morgon

116
Q

Aligoté in Burgundy

A

Bouzeron

117
Q

What is the main grape of the Morgon AOP?

A

Gamay

118
Q

Négociant

A

Merchants buy grapes, juice, and/or finished wine for blending and bottling under their own label

119
Q

Domaine

A

Grower/producers that own the vineyards of which they are producing wine

120
Q

Most important grape variety in the Médoc

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

121
Q

Which area in Bordeaux is best known for not having a classification of its châteaux

A

Pomerol

122
Q

What type of wine is produced in Entre-Deux-Mers

A

Produces only DRY WHITE wines

123
Q

Where is Châteaux Haut-Brion located

A

Pessac-Léognan in Graves

124
Q

How are wines classified in Burgundy

A

Burgundy classifies based on land and vineyard terroir

125
Q

How are wines classified in Bordeaux

A

Classifies based on château or producer

126
Q

In what year were the wines of the Médoc first classified

A

1855

127
Q

What soil in Bordeaux is most suitable for Cabernet Sauvignon

A

Gravel

128
Q

Vouvray AOP/AOC wine style

A

White wine ONLY:

  • can be Dry White
  • can be Sparkling
  • can be Sweet
129
Q

How does Sur Lie aging affect a finished wine?

A

Sur Lie aging gives a wine additional expressiveness and richness

130
Q

Tuffeau is an important soil type of which area?

A

Touraine, Loire Valley, FR

131
Q

What is the main grape of the Morgon AOP?

A

Gamay

Morgon AOC - is one of the 10 Beaujolais Crus in Beaujolais

132
Q

How are the very best vineyards in the Côte d’Or designated?

A

Grands crus

Crus - means growth

133
Q

Monopole

A

Parcel of land with single ownership

134
Q

Côte

A

Hillside or slope

135
Q

Clos

A

A plot of vineyard land traditionally surrounded by dry-stone walls

136
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Les Clos in Burgundy

A

Chardonnay

Les Clos is one of the Grand Crus in Chablis, Burgundy

137
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Meursault

A

Chardonnay

Meursault is in Burgundy

138
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Pommard

A

Pinot Noir

139
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Volnay

A

Pinot Noir

140
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Morgon

A

Gamay

141
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Bouzeron

A

Aligoté

White grape variety from Bouzeron AOC, Côte Challonaise in Burgundy

142
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Gevrey-Chambertin

A

Pinot Noir

143
Q

What is the primary grape variety of Musigny

A

Pinot Noir

144
Q

Main grape varieties in Burgundy

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

Others:
Aligoté- small plots in Bouzeron AOC in Côte Challonaise
Gamay - primarily found in Beaujolais

145
Q

Négoces of Burgundy

A 
Joseph Faiveley: monopole - Mercurey 
Louis Latour
Joseph Drouhin
Louis Jadot
Mommessin
Bouchard Père et Fils
146
Q

What is different about Corton and Musigny compared to other Grand Crus of their respective districts

A

All red Grands Crus are in the Côte de Nuits EXCEPT for CORTON Grand Cru AOC

All white Grand Crus are in the Côte de Beaune EXCEPT for Musigny Blanc Grand Cru AOC

147
Q

Grape that is allowed in Burgundy that mutated

A

Pinot Blanc is allowed in Burgundy because it mutated from Pinot Noir in a vineyard and is allowed to be planted in that one vineyard

148
Q

Bordeaux White Wine

A

Dry White: is found in Pessac-Leognon and Entre-Deux-Mers

  • 80% Sauvignon Blanc
  • 20% Sémillon

Sweet White: is found in Sauternes and nearby communes
- 80% Sémillon
-20% Sauvignon Blanc
+ Muscadelle in small quantities

149
Q

Bordeaux Red Wine

A

LEFT BANK: Médoc Communes:
- 70% Cabernet Sauvignon
- 30% Merlot
+ Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot in small quantities

RIGHT BANK: St. Émilion and Pomerol:

  • 70% Merlot
  • 30% Cabernet Franc
150
Q

Pomerol Classification System

A

Pomerol has no classification system bc it’s a small area of only 3 square miles of the most prestigious wines

151
Q

Barrels used in Bordeaux

A

New 225-liter French oak baroque

  • used for both white and red wine
  • impart flavor and aromas: lending aromas of vanilla, toasted cedar, and spice
  • expensive - start at ~$1k
  • provide a lot of oxygen bc it’s a smaller vessel
152
Q

Bordeaux 1855 Classification

A
  • outside of the INAO - regional wine law
  • rated and categorized by price
  • 1st through 5th growths
  • 61 properties or châteaux rated
  • Napoleon the 3rd - got 61 châteaux to exhibit them by price and rate them
  • Chateau Mouton Rothschild was upgraded from second growth
153
Q

Pessac-Léognan

A
  • in Graves, Bordeaux
  • Northern part of Graves
  • dry whites and dry reds ONLY
154
Q

Sauternes

A
  • has to be a seeet white wine
  • two rivers interest and create humidity
  • humidity attracts botrytis which makes deliscious sweet wines
  • Sémillon attracts botrytis more than Sauvignon Blanc
  • located south of Graves
155
Q

Entre-Deux-Mers

A
  • for white DRY wines ONLY
156
Q

Saint-Émilion

A
  • located in the right bank
  • along the dordogne river near the town of Libourne
  • Soil: silt, clay, gravel, limestone plateau, sand
  • grapes: Merlot and Cabernet franc
  • Cabernet Sauvignon is planted in very small amounts where there is gravel soil
  • has its own classification system that is designed to change every 10 years
157
Q

Saint-Émilion Classification System

A
  • has its own classification system that is designed to change every 10 years

Appellations:

  • St-Émilion AOP
  • St-Émilion Grand Cru AOP

Classic Systems (3 tiers):

  • Premier Grand Cru Classé A: 4 now
  • Premier Grand Cru Classé B: 13 now
  • Grand Cru Classé
158
Q

Anjou-Saumur

A

Chenin Blanc and Cabernet Franc

Sommelier (27 decks)

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