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Anatomy > Forearm and Hand > Flashcards

Forearm and Hand Flashcards

1
Q

Why does a “funny bone” happen?

A

B/c the ulnar nerve passes posterior to the medial epidcondyle of the humerus

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2
Q

What are the muscles of most superficial layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor capri radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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3
Q

What is the origin of the most superficial layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Epicondyle of humerus

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4
Q

What is the insertion and action of pronator teres?

A

I: radius
A: Pronation of the forearm

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5
Q

What is the insertion and action of flexor carpi radialis?

A

I: anterior side of Base of 2nd metacarpal bone
A: wrist flexion and abduction

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6
Q

What is the insertion and action of palmaris longus?

A

I: palmar aponeurosis
A: wrist flexion

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7
Q

What is the action and insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

I: pisiform, hook of hamate, anterior side of base 5th metacarpal bone
A: wrist flexion and adduction

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8
Q

What is innervated by the median nerve? (anterior forearm first layer)

A

Pronator teres
Flexor capri radialis
Palmaris longus

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9
Q

What is innervated by the ulnar nerve? (Anterior forearm first layer)

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubical fossa?

A

1.Brachioradialis
2. Pronator Teres
3. Line between the epicondyle of the humerus

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11
Q

What is the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve from?

A

The medial cord

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12
Q

What is the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve from?

A

Continuation of musculocutaneous nerve

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13
Q

What comprises the second layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficilais

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14
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

O: common flexor tendon
I: middle phalanges of digits 2-5
A: flexes digits 2-5 at proximal interphalangeal joints

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve

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16
Q

What comprises the third layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  1. Flexor pollicis longus
  2. Flexor digitorum profundus
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17
Q

What is the insertion and action of flexor pollicis longus?

A

O: Distal phalanx of digit 1
A: Flexes pollen at interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal

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18
Q

What is the nerve supply of flexor pollicis longus muscle?

A

Anterior interossesous nerve

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19
Q

What is the the insertion and action of flexor digitorum profundus? (Radial half)

A

I: Distal phalanges of digits 2 and 3
A: flexes digits 2-3 at distal interphalangeal joints

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum profundus? (Radial half)

A

Anterior interossesous nerve

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21
Q

What is the insertion and action of the flexor digitorum profundus? (Ulnar half)

A

I: Distal phalanges of digits 4 and 5
A: flexes digits 4-5 at distal interphalangeal joints

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum profundus? (Digits 4 and 5)

A

Ulnar nerve

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23
Q

What comprises the fourth layer of the anterior forearm compartment?

A

Pronator quadratus

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24
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the pronator quadratus?

A

O: Ulna
I: Radius
A: Pronation of forearm

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25
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pronator quadratus?

A

Anterior interossesous nerve

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26
Q

What is the hypothenar eminence?

A

Produced by intrinsic muscles of the little finger

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27
Q

What is the thenar eminence?

A

Produced by intrinsic muscles of the thumb

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28
Q

What is palmar fibromatosis? (Dupuytren contracture)

A

Thickening and shortening of longitudinal bands of the palmar aponeurosis
*Persistant contraction of the digits

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29
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Brachioradialis?

A

O: humerus
I: proximal to styloid process of the radius
A: flexes forearm

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30
Q

what is the nerve supply of the Brachioradialis muscles?

A

Radial nerve

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31
Q

What comprises layer 1 of the posterior forearm compartment?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

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32
Q

What is the origin of layer 1 of the posterior forearm compartment?

A

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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33
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis brevis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Digiti Minimi

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34
Q

What muscle is innervated by the radial nerve?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

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35
Q

What muscles are responsible for wrist extension (layer 1)?

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis

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36
Q

What muscles are responsible for extension of digits 2-5?

A

Extensor digitorum (2-5)
Extensor digiti minimi (5)

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37
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor digitorum / digit minimi

A

I: extensor expansions of digits 2-5 (EDM)
I: extensor expansions of digit 5 (EDMM)

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38
Q

How does a mallet finger happen?

A

Avulsion of extensor tendon from distal phalanx

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39
Q

What comprises layer 2 of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Supinator muscle
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis

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40
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the supinator muscle?

A

O: lateral epicondyle
I: radius
A: supination of the forearm

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41
Q

What is the nerve supply of the supinator?

A

Deep branch of the radial nerve

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42
Q

What is the origin of layer 2 except the supinator muscle?

A

O: Posterior forearm

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43
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor pollicis longus?

A

Posterior side of Distal phalanx of digit 1

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44
Q

What is the insertion of the abductor pollicis longus?

A

Lateral aspect of base of the 1st metacarpal

45
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor indicis?

A

Extensor expansion of digit 2

46
Q

What is the insertion of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Posterior side of proximal phalanx of digit 1

47
Q

When does the deep branch of the radial nerve change its name?

A

After passing the supinator muscle
*Changes to posterior interossesous nerve

48
Q

What does the posterior interossesous nerve innervate?

A

Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis

49
Q

Where is the anatomical snuff box?

A

Between extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus tendons

50
Q

What is found in the snuff box?

A

The radial artery

51
Q

What is De Quervain Tensosynovitis?

A

Repetitive use injury resulting in inflammation of Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendon and Extensor Pollicis Brevis tendon

52
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the lumbrical muscles?

A

O: Flexor digitorum profundus tendons
I: Extensor Expansions

53
Q

What is the nerve supply of Lumbricals (1 & 2)

A

Median nerve

54
Q

What is the nerve supply of lumbricals (3 & 4)

A

Deep branch of ulnar nerve

55
Q

What is the nerve supply of the radial half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle?

A

Anterior interossesous nerve

56
Q

What is the nerve supply of the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle?

A

Ulnar nerve

57
Q

What are the actions of the lumbrical muscles?

A
  1. Flex digits 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joints
  2. Extend digits 2-5 at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
58
Q

What muscles abducts digits 2 and 4?

A

Dorsal interosseous muscle

59
Q

What muscles adducts digits 2,4,5?

A

Palmar interosseous muscle

60
Q

What is the nerve supply of the palmar and dorsal interosseous muscle?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

61
Q

What are the thenar compartment muscles?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

62
Q

What is the origin of the thenar compartments muscles?

A

Tuberclesof the scaphoid and trapeizum bones

63
Q

What is the insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis muscles?

A

I: Lateral side of proximal phalanx of the thumb

64
Q

What is the insertion of the opponens pollicis muscle?

A

I: Lateral side of 1st metacarpal

65
Q

Wha is the actions of the muscles of the thenar compartment?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis: Thumb abduction
Flexor pollicis brevis: Thumb flexion
Opponens pollicis: Medial rotation of 1st metacarpal

66
Q

What is the nerve supply of the thenar compartment?

A

Recurrent branch of the median nerve

67
Q

where is the recurrent branch of the median nerve located?

A

Directly deep to the thenar skin
*A laceration will result in weakness or paralysis

68
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the adductor pollicis muscle?

A

O: 2nd and 3rd metacarpals, capitate bone
I: medial side of proximal phalanx of thumb
A: thumb adduction

69
Q

What is the nerve supply of the adductor pollicis?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

70
Q

What are the muscles of the Hypothenar compartment?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

71
Q

What is the nerve supply of the hypothenar compartment?

A

Deep branch of the ulnar nerve

72
Q

What is the insertion of the hypothenar muscles

A

Medial side of proximal phalanx of digit 5

73
Q

What is the origin of the abductor digiti minimi muscle?

A

Pisiform bone

74
Q

What is the origin of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle?

A

Hook of hamate bone

75
Q

What is the origin of the opponens digiti minimi muscle?

A

Hook of hamate bone

76
Q

What creates the superficial palmar arch?

A

Ulnar artery and radial artery

77
Q

What digits are supplied by the C8 dermatome?

A

4 and 5

78
Q

What digits are supplied by the C7 dermatome?

A

2 and 3

79
Q

What digits are supplied by the C6 dermatome

A

1

80
Q

What causes Distal median neuropathies?

A

Suicide attempts
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Laceration of thenar eminence

81
Q

What nerve is spared during carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

palmar branch of the median nerve

82
Q

What nerve is affected during carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Digital nerves
*Medial side of digit 1
Digits 2 and 3
Lateral side of digit 4

83
Q

What dermatomes are affected during carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

C6 and C7

84
Q

What can ulnar canal syndrome present with?

A

The “claw”
*on attempted extension, there is weakness of the lumbrical muscles
*MCP hyper extension
*PIP and DIP hyperflexion

85
Q

What is a positive Froment sign?

A

Patient will use their flexor pollicis longus and brevis muscles while pulling (thumb is flexed)

86
Q

What does long-term ulnar nerve present with?

A

Wasting of the first dorsal interossesous and adductor pollicis muscles

87
Q

How does cubital tunnel syndrome happen?

A

Compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes within a tunnel formed by the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles

88
Q

How does cubital tunnel syndrome present?

A

Paralysis of
1. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
2. Ulnar half of Flexor Digitorum Profundus muscle
*Weakness of flexion of digits 4 and 5
*radial deviation

89
Q

Where do proximal median nerve injuries happen?

A

Injury to the median nerve as it passes deep to the pronator teres and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles

90
Q

How does proximal median nerve injury present?

A

Paralysis of
1. Flexor carpi radialis muscle
2. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (2-3)
3. Radial half of flexor digitorum profundus muscles (2-3)

91
Q

With a proximal median nerve injury how will the patients hand present when trying to make a fist?

A

Hand of benediction
*Flexion deficit in digits 2 and 3

92
Q

Does ulnar or radial deviation happen from proximal median nerve injury?

A

Ulnar
**due to reduced opposition to flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

93
Q

How does a radial nerve lesion present?

A

Wrist-drop sign
*Weakness of forearm flexion

94
Q

What is damaged during Erb’s palsy? (high brachial plexopathy)

A

Injury to C5 and C6 roots of the brachial plexus
*affects proximal muscles

95
Q

How does a high brachial plexopathy happen?

A

Excessive angulation between the shoulder and neck
*Lesion to the superior trunk

96
Q

What is affected during a high brachial plexopathy?

A
  1. Arm flexors
  2. Initiation of Arm abduction
  3. Lateral rotators
97
Q

What is spared during a high brachial plexopathy?

A
  1. Arm extensors
  2. Arm adductors
  3. Medial rotators
98
Q

What is the presentation of high brachial plexopathy?

A

Waiter’s tip deformity
*Arm is extended, adducted, and medially rotated

99
Q

What is damaged during low brachial plexopathy? (Klumpke’s palsy)

A

Injury to C8 and T1 roots of the brachial plexus
*Affects distal muscles

100
Q

How does a low brachial plexopathy occur?

A

Excessive angulation between the upper limb and trunk
*Lesion to the inferior trunk

101
Q

What is the presentation of a low brachial plexopathy?

A

Clawing of digits 2-5

102
Q

What is a Colles Fracture

A

Distal radius fracture
-from falling on a outstretched hand

103
Q

What vein is common used for vein puncture?

A

Median cubital vein

104
Q

Where can the brachial artery pulse be palpated?

A

Medial to the biceps brachii tendon

105
Q

What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve supply?

A

Dorsum of the hand

106
Q

What does the deep branch of the radial nerve supply?

A

Motor to muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

107
Q

What are the outcropping muscles?

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis

108
Q

What hooks around listers tubercle?

A

Extensor pollicis longus

109
Q

What does and doesn’t pass deep to the out cropping muscles?

A

Out cropping muscles: Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

Does: Extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
Doesnt: Brachioradialis tendon

Anatomy (19 decks)

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