Foot Anatomy

Question 1

What makes up the deltoid ligament

Answer 1

• triangular shape ligament on medial aspect (subdivided into 4 parts)
  1. Tibionavicular part of the medial ligament
  2. tibiocalcaneal part
  3. posterior tibiotalar part
  4. anterior tibiotalar part

Question 2

lateral ligaments of ankle joint

Answer 2

1. anterior Talofibular ligament
2. calcaneofibular ligament
3. posterior talofibular ligament

Question 3

flexor retinaculum of ankle

Answer 3

bony depression formed by medial malleolus

Question 4

what goes through the flexor retrinaculum of ankle

Answer 4

medial side
tibialis posterior tendon
FDL tendon
posterior tibial artery
tibial nerve
FHL tendon

Question 5

fibular retrinaculum

Answer 5

binds the tendons of the fibulariis longs and fibulas braves muscle to the lateral side

Question 6

Extensor Digitorum brevis

Answer 6

O: superiolateral part of CALCANEOUS
I: base of phalanx of greater tow and lateral to EDL on toes 2 - 4
I: depp fibular nerve
F: extend metatarsophalanges joint of the great toe

Question 7

Abductor Hallicus

Answer 7

0: medial process of CALCANEA TUBEROSITY
I: medial side of proximal phalanx of great toe
I: medial plantar nerve from TN
F: Abduct 1st toe

Question 8

Flexor Digitorum brevis

Answer 8

O: calcareous tuberosity
i: plantar surface of middle phalanges of middle 4 toes
i: medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)
A: flexes lateral 4 toes

Question 9

Abductor digiti minimi

Answer 9

O: lateral and medial process of calcanea tuberosity , band of Connective tissue connecting calcenous of metatarsal V
I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)
A: abducts little toe

Question 10

quadratus plantae

Answer 10

O: medial surface of calcaneus and lateral process of calcanea tuberosity
I: lateral side of tendon of FDL on sole of foot
I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)
A: assist FDL tendon in flexing lateral 4 toes

Question 11

Lumbricals

Answer 11

O: first lumbrical; medial side of tendon of flexor digitorum longs ass/ with toe 2
2,3,4th - adjacent structures of adjacent tendon FDL
I: medial free margins of extender hoods of toes 2-5
I: first lumbrical - medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
2,3,4 - lateral plantar from tibial nerve (S2,3)
A: FLEXIOn of MP joint and EXTENSION of IP joint

Question 12

FHB

Answer 12

O: plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
i: base of proximal phalanx
I: medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
A: flexes MP joint of the great toe

Question 13

Adductor hallicus

Answer 13

I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)
A: adducts grater tow at MP joint

Question 14

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 14

flexes little toe at MP joint
I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)

Question 15

dorsal interossei

Answer 15

I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve , first and second dorsal interossei also by deep fibular nerve
A: abduction of toes 2-4 at MP joint

Question 16

plantar interossei

Answer 16

I: lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1,2,3)
O: adduction of toes 3-5 at MP joint

Question 17

MTP sprain

Answer 17

Acute injury to the ligaments and capsule of the MTP joint. “Turf toe” is commonly seen in athletes. Chronic sprains may lead to hallux rigidus

Question 18

Hallux valgus

Answer 18

> 15 degree of lateral deviation of 1st MTP
Lateral deviation of the first toe greater than the normal angle of 15 degrees between
the tarsus and metatarsus. This may lead to a painful prominence of the medial aspect
of the MTP joint (bunion)

Question 19

hallux rigidus

Answer 19

Degenerative condition of the first MTP joint leading to pain and stiffness (great toe arthritis of MTP joint)

Question 20

claw toe

Answer 20

extension mTP
flexion PIP
flexion DIP

Question 21

hammer toe

Answer 21

flexion of PIP

Question 22

treatment of hammer toe

Answer 22

show should be 1/2 inch longer than longest toe

Question 23

causes of hammer toe

Answer 23

chronic tight shoes

Question 24

causes of claw foot

Answer 24

incompetence of foot intrinsic muscles
secondary to neurological disorders ( diabetes , alcohol. neuropathies, CMT , spinal cord tumour)

Question 25

treatment of claw toe

Answer 25

shoes with soft and roomy with high tow boxes
splints available
surgical if necessary

Question 26

Mallot toe

Answer 26

flexion of DIP with normal alignment of PIP and MTP

Question 27

treatment of ballot toe

Answer 27

must trim callous
take x-ray to r/o fracture
good shoes with high toe boxes

Question 28

Lisfranc fracture

Answer 28

traumatic disruption of the tarsometatarsal joints involving fracture, dislocation, or both

Question 29

treatment for lisfranc

Answer 29

1. conservative : non displaced : non WB , immobilization and support thereafter
2. Surgical - Stabilization is integral to maintaining the bony architecture of entire foot

Question 30

Jones fracture

Answer 30

transverse fracture through the base of the 5th metatarsal

Question 31

Nutcracker fracture

Answer 31

cuboid fracture

Question 32

March fracture

Answer 32

fatigue fracture of the metatarsal

Question 33

treatment of Jones fracture

Answer 33

1. non weight bearing in a cast for 6 weeks
2. ORIF

Question 34

treatment of nutcracker fracture

Answer 34

1. ORFIF

Question 35

March fracture

Answer 35

1. cast if needed

Question 36

grades of lateral ankle sprain

Answer 36

Grade 1 : partial tear ATFL , welling, point tenderness at lateral ankle , no instability , negative stress test

Grade 2: complete tear ATFL and partial CFL , diffuse sweeping , ecchymosis positive Ant drawer

Grade 3: complete ATFL and CRL , positive ant drawer and taller tilt

Dislocation - complete ATFL , PRFL and CFL

Question 37

MOA of lateral ankle sprain

Answer 37

inversion and plantar flexion
“ hx of rolling over ankle “

Question 38

treatment of lateral ankle sprain

Answer 38

Grade 1 and 2 - conservative
ice , rest , compression, NSAIDS, early mobilization
Grade 3: conservative vs surgical
- six month trial of rehab
- high athlete or conservative fail - Sx reconstruction of torn ligament