Foot

Question 1

Where is a common site for amputation of the foot?

Answer 1

Transverse tarsometatarsal joint. This allows the patient to still heel strike

Question 2

What bone do they attempt to keep in foot amputations?

Answer 2

Calcaneus, so the person maintains the height of the limb.

Question 3

What ray comes in closest contact to the ground?

Answer 3

Lateral ray- particularly the

• heads of the 4th and 5th metatarsals
• Cuboid
• Calcaneus.

Question 4

How do we distribute weight on our foot?

Answer 4

1. 1/3 on the calcaneus
   2 .1/3 on the lateral 3 digits
2. 1/3 on the medial two digits.

Question 5

How is weight transferred when we walk?

Answer 5

Calcaneus–> along the lateral ray to the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal–> head of the 1st metatarsal –> distal phalanx of the great toe

Question 6

________ is important for being a terminal lever during walking and providing strength during toe off stage

Answer 6

Big toe

Question 7

fascia on dorsum of the foot

Answer 7

thin and continuous with the extensor retinaculum

Question 8

Fascia on sole of the foot

Answer 8

Plantar fascia.

the middle part thickens to form plantar aponeurosis

Question 9

Plantar aponeurosis

Answer 9

Has 5 slips that run concurrently with the tendinous sheaths of the foot and helps them slide fluidly.

Also important passive support for arches of the foot

Question 10

CN : Plantar Fasciitis

Answer 10

Overweight patients and patients whose shoes lack arch support are more prone to Plantar Fasciitis. The arch sags and the calcaneus slides in a bursa that is just underneath the Plantar Aponeurosis. This can cause inflammation of that bursa, which can then lead to overgrowth of bone and a bone spur.
—The pain is typically worse after someone gets out of bed and improves as they stretch the plantar fascia.

Question 11

M on dorsum

Answer 11

Extensor hallucis brevis m

Extensor digitiorum brevis m

Question 12

Which toes does extensor digitorum brevis go to

Answer 12

2-4

Question 13

I of m on dorsum

Answer 13

deep fibular n

Question 14

Roles of plantar muscles

Answer 14

synergists: maintain foot arches and stand on uneven ground

Question 15

1st layer of plantar m

Answer 15

1. Abductor hallucis m
2. Abductor digiti minimi m.
3. Flexor digitorum brevis m.

Question 16

What is quadratus plantae m analog in hand

Answer 16

does not have one

Question 17

3rd layer of plantar m

Answer 17

1. adductor hallucis m.
2. flexor hallucis brevis m.
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis m.

Question 18

why does adductor hallucis m have 2 heads

Answer 18

because naturally the big toe wants to abduct, so it keeps it in line

Question 19

What is special about flexor hallucis brevis m

Answer 19

Has a medial and lateral head that both have sesamoid bones that create a gap for the tendon of FHL so that you do not step on it.

The belly also protexts the 1st metarsal and t. of FHL

Question 20

What does the 2nd digit have 2 dorsal interossei muscles

Answer 20

its the “middle” digit for determining adduction and abduction

Question 21

Bunion

Answer 21

tender and inflamed bursa

Question 22

Where do corns form?

Answer 22

Over proximal IP joints

Question 23

Hallux valgus

Answer 23

Lateral dislocation of the big toe causes the

[t. of FHL] to slip out of groove created by the sesamoid bones of the FHB.

Question 24

In general, how do toe defmorities form?

Answer 24

Lumbricals will work to keep the IP joints extended.

Toe deformities are due to shorted flexor muscles that have overriden fx of lumbricals

Question 25

Someone with a longer 2nd or 3rd toe, compared to 1st is more likely to get what?

Answer 25

Mallet toe- flexion at the distal IP joint

Question 26

what nerve supplies all muscles muscles of the foot except the 2 dorsum

Answer 26

tibial n

Question 27

What nerve provides cutaneous sensation to medial leg

Answer 27

saphenous n

Question 28

What n provides cutaneous sensation to posterior leg an part of the lateral aspect of the foot

Answer 28

Sural n

Question 29

What n provides cutaneous sensation to the plantar foot, except fifth digit

Answer 29

Medial plantar n

Question 30

What n provides cutaneous sensation to Fifth Digit and Distal Lateral portion of the Foot

Answer 30

superficial branch of the lateral plantar n

Question 31

What n provides cutaneous sensation to the dorsal foot, except flip flop spot

Answer 31

superficial fibular n

Question 32

What n provides cutaneous sensation to the flip flop spot

Answer 32

Deep fibular n

Question 33

Tibial nerve in foot

Answer 33

--> [lateral plantar n and medial plantar n] [lateral plantar n--> superficial branch of lateral plantar n and deep branch of lateral plantar n]

Question 34

Anterior tibial a

Answer 34

--> lateral tarsal a and dorsalis pedis a --> forms the arcuate artery and deep plantar a -->Arcuate a forms [dorsal metatarsal a] --> [dorsal digital a]

Question 35

What happens if we fracture our calcaneus?

Answer 35

Damage the [TALOCALCANEAL] joint, where the talus meets the calcaneus. usually debilitating

Question 36

How can we fracture the neck of our talus?

Answer 36

severe dorsiflexion, like pressing too hard on the brake pedal during an accident.

Question 37

Dancers are more likely to damage

Answer 37

metatarsal

Question 38

How can we damage the tuberosity of the 5th metarsal?

Answer 38

tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal can be damaged during violent inversion, like ankle sprain. The t of the fibularis brevis m. may tear it away.

Question 39

Palpation of posterior tibial pulses is important for people with what?

Answer 39

occlusive peripheral dz. absence is a sign of occlusive peripheral dz

Question 40

most common hindfoot problem in runners

Answer 40

plantar facisitis

Question 41

when is pain in plantar facitis worse

Answer 41

pain is worse in the after sitting and when you begin to walk. goes away after 5-10 min of acitibty

Question 42

When there is an infection in the foot, how is it drained?

Answer 42

incision is made on the medial side of the foot, aove the abductor hallucis

Question 43

knowing the location of the belly of EDB is important for what

Answer 43

the muscle fiber can be torn and mistaken for abnormal edema. misdx as a severe sprain

Question 44

Plantar reflex

Answer 44

Tests L4, L5, S1 and S2 nerve roots response: flexion abnormal response: babinski sign; big toe dorsiflexes and other 4 fan out

Question 45

plantar reflex indicates what

Answer 45

brain dz but the babinski sign can be seen until kids are 4

Question 46

mEdial plantar nerve entrapment Aka What happens how does it occur

Answer 46

AKA: joggers foot can cause paresthesia on medial side of sole of the foot repetitive Eversion

Question 47

dorsalis pedis palpation

Answer 47

can be palpated with foot slightly dorsiflexed. absence can detect vascular insufficiency

Question 48

Puncture wounds to the sole of the foot involve

Answer 48

deep plantar arch bleeding is bad and occurs from both ends of the cut artery

Question 49

Tibial nerve entrapment AKA Results in:

Answer 49

Tarsal tunnel syndrome Heel pain due to compression by flexor retinaculum

Question 50

L in vaLGus stands for

Answer 50

lateral deviation

Question 51

Club feet

Answer 51

involves the subtalar joint. foot is inverted, ankle is plantarflexed forefoot is adducted wallks on lateral side of foot

Question 52

Karen got into a car accident. When she saw the car, she pressed on the brakes really hard. What will happen to her?

Answer 52

Fracture neck of talus due to dorsiflexion

Question 53

Muscles on the Dorsum of the Foot

Answer 53

Extensor Hallucis Brevis | Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Question 54

Extensor Hallucis Brevis I: Axn:

Answer 54

- Deep fibular N | - Extend hallux

Question 55

Extensor Digitorum Brevis I: Axn:

Answer 55

- Deep fibular N - Extend digits 2-4 * Does not send a digit to digiti minimi

Question 56

Muscles on the plantar aspect of the foot

Answer 56

4 layers Layer 1 (3) 1. Abductor hallucis m. 2. Flexor Digitorum brevis m 3. Adductor Digiti Minimi m. Layer 2 (2) 1. Quadratus Plantae m. 2. Lumbricals Layer 3 (3) 1. Flexor hallucis brevis m. 2. Adductor hallucis m (transverse and oblique head) 3. Flexor digiti minimi brevis m. Layer 4 1. PADS 2. DABS

Question 57

Layer 3 sends muscles where

Answer 57

1st and 3rd digit only

Question 58

What are the roles of plantar muscles?

Answer 58

they have a synergistic effect: work together to 1. Maintain foot arch 2. Stand on uneven ground

Question 59

Flexor Digitorum Brevis can be found ________ to the Tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus

Answer 59

superficial

Question 60

Roles of quadratus plantae m

Answer 60

pulls the tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus towards the lateral side to keep the tendons straight in order to pull the toes straight back.

Question 61

Why are the two heads of the adductor hallucis m important?

Answer 61

The two heads of the Adductor Hallucis are important because naturally the toe wants to abduct when walking, so the Adductor Hallucis muscles keep it in line