Foorman and Torgeson Differences between instruction appropriate for all children in the classroom and instruction required by children "at-risk" for reading difficulties. Discuss each difference in detail

Question 1

Instruction

Answer 1

Instruction for children at risk for reading must be more explicit and comprehensive, more intensive and more supportive than instruction for majority of children

Question 2

More explicit and Comprehensive

Answer 2

Because their weakness in the area of phonological processing, children who are at risk for reading difficulties require explicit and systematic instruction to help them acquire the knowledge and strategies necessary for decoding print

Phonmically explicit interventions are more effective

Direct, systematic, and comprehensive instruction in the knowledge of skills required for learning to read words accurately and fluently

emphasis on comprehension

Question 3

More intensive

Answer 3

more skills and knowledge must be directly taught, which in turn requires more instructional time

children who came to school with a weakness learn more slowly than other children and thus require more repetition

greater instructional intensity is needed to keep pace with same aged peers

class wide Peer tutoring- to increase amount of academic engaged time (more explicit and intensive than classroom instruction)

Question 4

More Supportive

Answer 4

must be supportive both emotionally and cognitively

more support in the form of encouragement, feedback and positive reinforcement

careful sequencing so that skills build gradually, child is always taught systematially and practices on skills required for any tasks they are asked to do