FM Cases Flashcards
What is the single risk factor that is responsible for the most death?
Smoking
What are grades 1-5 of the diabetic foot ulcer grading system?
- Grade 1: Diabetic ulcer (superficial)
- Grade 2: Ulcer extension (involving ligament, tendon, joint capsule or fascia)
- Grade 3: Deep ulcer with abscess or osteomyelitis
- Grade 4: Gangrene forefoot (partial)
- Grade 5: Extensive gangrene of foot
What criteria must be met to treat a pt with a DVT as an outpatient? (3)
- Hemodynamically stable
- Good kidney function
- Low risk for bleeding
True or false: rivaroxaban alone is sufficient to treat a pt with a DVT
True
What are the five major advantages of LMWH over unfractionated heparin?
- Longer half life
- No monitoring needed
- Lower risk of HITT
- Fixed dosing
- May be used in outpatient setting
How long are pts with an unprovoked or provoked DVT anticoagulated for after resolution?
3 months unless 2/2 CA. Then no set stopping date
True or false: it is appropriate to screen all pts with a h/o DVT for a thrombophilia
False–not all, but those with obvious risk factors, or unprovoked
What is the half-life or warfarin?
40 hours
How long does dabigatran need to overlap with LMWH?
5 days
How can anemia lead to palpitations?
Loss of blood = tachycardia
True or false: menopause can cause palpitations
True
A systolic murmur at the left sternal border that increases with Valsalva maneuver would suggests what?
HOCM
True or false: pulsating chest pain is more concerning for ACS
False–less concerning
When does age become a risk factor for heart disease?
Over 55 for women and over 45 for men
Does ASA decrease the risk of ischemic stroke
No
True or false: ASA decreases the risk of MI in men
True
Difficulty with heel walk is associated with (___) disc herniation
Difficulty with heel walk is associated with L5 disc herniation
Difficulty with toe walk is associated with (___) disc herniation
Difficulty with toe walk is associated with S1 disc herniation
What etiology of LBP classically improves with squatting?
spinal stenosis
LBP that worsens with flexion is suspicious for what etiology?
Herniation
OA
Muscle spasm
LBP that worsens with extension is suspicious for what etiology?
DJD
Spinal stenosis
What indicates a positive SLR?
The test is positive if pain radiates down the posterior/lateral thigh past the knee. This radiation indicates stretching of the nerve roots (specifically S1 or L5) over a herniated disc.
At what degree of leg movement during the SLR is indicative of malingering?
- True pain will most likely occur between 40 and 70 degrees.
- Pain earlier than 30 degrees is suggestive of malingering.
What does the crossed SLR do?
If disc is herniated, will compress on the nerve roots of the contralateral side. Very specific test, but not sensitive.
What are the s/sx of a disc herniation, besides back pain?
Pain worse with sitting
Pain worse with coughing/sneezing
Drop foot
What is the usual prognosis for disc herniation?
Self limited most of the time–resolves in two weeks
True or false: leg numbness with LBP is a red flag symptom
False–can be seen with simple disc herniations
What are the indications for obtaining an x-ray for LBP in a pt, besides obvious trauma?
Strenuous lifting in patient with osteoporosis
Prolonged steroid use
Osteoporosis
Age <20 and >70
History of cancer
Fever/chills/weight loss
Pain worse when supine or severe at night
What is the timeframe for which LBP merits an MRI?
More than six weeks of conservative care
What is the recurrence rate of LBP?
35-75%
Patients older than what age take longer to recover from episodes of LBP?
45
What is the usual presentation of chondromalacia patellae?
Anterior knee pain worsens with sitting for long periods
What is the first choice medicine for the treatment of OA?
Acetominophen
HOw often and how frequently can steroid injections be given for OA?
No more than once per month, and no more than three per year
What is the relative sensitivity and specificity of tinel’s and phalen’s maneuver for carpal tunnel?
Somewhat useful with lower sensitivities and higher specificities
What is the first line treatment for carpal tunnel?
Nightly wrist splint
What is the most common side effect of opioids?
Constipation
Which opioids have a higher risk of tolerance: short or long acting
Short
What is a major issue with using carbamazepine for neuropathic pain?
p450 inducer
When does colorectal screening stop?
age 75
When does breast CA screening stop?
age 75
When does cervical CA screening stop?
age 65 if they have had normal paps up until this point
When is the pneumovax indicated?
Age 65 or those with DM or COPD
When is the 13 valent pneumo vaccine indicated?
one year after pneumo 23
When is the varicella vaccine indicated?
If over 60 years
What is the major side effect of tramadol?
Seizures
What is the normal synovial fluid color?
Straw colored
Which comes first in the case of a suspected septic arthritis: PCR or culture?
PCR
True or false: warfarin is a contraindication to NSAID use for OA
True–have anticoagulant effects
What are the classic CXR features of silicosis?
Calcifications of the hilar lymph nodes
What is POEMS syndrome?
Polyneuropathy Organomegaly Endocrinopathy Monoclonal protein Skin changes
What are the s/sx of POEMS syndrome, besides the POEMS symptoms?
Sclerotic bone lesions
Anemia
hyperuricemia
What is the diagnostic test for POEMS syndrome? What does this show?
Urine and serum electrophoresis
Shows a monoclonal M spike
Is the rash in pityriasis rosea pruritic?
Yes
What is the prognosis for pityriasis rosea?
Self limiting within a few months
What are the two major sulfonylureas?
Glipizide
Glyburide
What are the electroscopic findings of carcinoid tumors?
Dense core granules
Pleural plaques on CXR = ?
Asbestosis
What are the auscultatory findings of asbestosis?
Fine end inspiratory crackles
How can NSAIDs worsen dilated cardiomyopathy?
increase afterload and affect cardiac output by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis (eliminated their effects on vasodilation) and by counteracting the benefits of ACEIs
What is the pathophysiology of the restrictive lung disease caused by coal pneumoconiosis?
Macrophages eat up the coal, and fibrosis in response
What are the cardiac manifestations of silicosis?
cor pulmonale
RVH
What are the components of the HEEADSSS mnemonic for preparticipation exams in adolescents?
Home Education / Employment Eating Activities Drugs Sexuality Suicide / Depression Safety / Violence
Who should be screened for chlamydia? (2)
Women over 25 years who are at high risk, and all sexually active women under 25.
NOT:
- prego
- men
- low risk women
What supplement should all sexually active women take in case of pregnancy?
Folic acid
What environmental situations should prego pts avoid?
Hot tubs or hot areas
What is the caffeine intake recommendation for pregos?
No more than two cups / day
What is chadwick’s sign?
Bluish/purple hue to the vagina with pregnancy
What is Goodell’s sign?
Softening of the cervix with prego
What is Hegar’s sign?
Softening of the uterus
When are fetal heart tones first heard?
10-12 weeks
What are fetal movement first felt?
18-20 weeks
What is a common cause of bleeding early in pregnancy?
When trophoblasts attaches to the uterine wall (“implantation bleed”)
Up to how many weeks is an abortion legal?
22 weeks
How accurate is the estimated gestational age based on the LMP?
Usually actual age is two weeks less than EGA
What is Naegele’s rule for determining the due date of a prego?
LMP, Add 1 year
Subtract three months
add 1 week
(or, more concisely, add 9 months and a week from LMP)
When is rhogam indicated in vaginal bleeding episodes?
Always, regardless of gestational age
What percent of prego women experience vaginal bleeding in their first trimester? What are the chances of miscarriage?
1/4 experience bleeding
25-50% chance of miscarriage
What is a cervical ectropion? What is its significance?
When the central part of the cervix appears red from the mucous-producing endocervical epithelium protruding through the cervical os, onto the face of the cervix. It has no clinical significance and is common in women who are taking oral contraceptive pills.
What is the role of progesterone in a threatened miscarriage?
If the result is >25, it is highly associated with a sustainable intrauterine pregnancy. If the result is <5, it is highly associated with an evolving miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Levels between 5 and 25 have minimal diagnostic value in distinguishing intrauterine from ectopic pregnancy