Fluids and electrolytes + acid base balance

Question 1

Positively charged particles in solution are called…

Answer 1

Cations

Question 2

Negatively charged particles in solution are called…

Answer 2

Anions

Question 3

What is the role of sodium (Na+) in the body?

Answer 3

Its a major extracellular cation, it attracts fluid and helps preserve fluid volume and combines with chloride and bicarbonate to help regulate acid/base balance

Question 4

What is the normal range of serum sodium

Answer 4

135 - 145 mEq /L

Question 5

What does hyponatremia mean?

Answer 5

Low sodium levels

Question 6

What does hypernatremia mean?

Answer 6

High sodium levels

Question 7

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 7

The condition of the body when there is significant loss of fluid

Question 8

What is hypervolemia?

Answer 8

When the body retains too much water and there is not enough Na+

Question 9

What solvent is found in the body fluid compartments?

Answer 9

Water

Question 10

What is a chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions?

Answer 10

A buffer

Question 11

Describe the major function of ATP in cells

Answer 11

It transfers energy for cell functions

Question 12

What is the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 12

Between 7.28 and 7.32

Question 13

A solute that readily dissolves in water is…

Answer 13

Hydrophilic

Question 14

What is the pH of semen?

Answer 14

Between 7.2 and 8

Question 15

Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?

Answer 15

Arterioles

Question 16

What is the largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries?

Answer 16

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 17

What is the pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid called?

Answer 17

Filtration

Question 18

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

Answer 18

Lower blood pressure, lower blood volume, inhibit release of other hormones that increase blood pressure

Question 19

What hormones increase blood pressure?

Answer 19

• Epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
• Aldosterone
• Angiotensin II

Question 20

What is NFP?

Answer 20

Net filtration pressure - the force driving fluid out of a capillary and into tissue the spaces, equal to the difference between the [blood hydrostatic pressure + interstitial fluid osmotic pressure] and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 21

What is BHP?

Answer 21

Blood hydrostatic pressure - is the blood pressure within the capillaries, pushing fluid out toward the tissues

Question 22

What is IFOP?

Answer 22

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure - is a much smaller force, but it can draw fluid out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues

Question 23

What is BCOP?

Answer 23

Blood capillary osmotic pressure - caused by proteins (mainly albumin) in the blood, this pressure pulls fluid back into the capillaries

Question 24

What is IFHP?

Answer 24

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure - is a very small pressure that can push fluid back into capillaries from the tissues

Question 25

What are ACE inhibitors?

Answer 25

A drug that treats hypertension, lowers blood pressure by blocking formation and release of angiotensin II, which results in vasodilation (widening of vessels) and decreased aldosterone secretion

Question 26

What is aldosterone?

Answer 26

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it helps to regulate blood pressure by managing levels of sodium and potassium

Question 27

What is hypovolemia + hypervolemia?

Answer 27

• Hypovolemia - abnormally low levels of extracellular fluid in the body, either due to loss of salt and water or loss of blood volume
• Hypervolemia - fluid overload

Question 28

What do the following chemicals have in common: potassium, hydrogen ions, lactic acid, nitric oxide, and adenosine?

Answer 28

They are all potent vasodilators

Question 29

What components of blood have an affect on its viscosity?

Answer 29

The ratio of red blood cells (RBCs) to plasma volume

Question 30

Name the small bands of smooth muscle which control blood flow through capillary beds

Answer 30

Precapillary sphincters