Fluids and electrolytes + acid base balance Flashcards
Week 1
Positively charged particles in solution are called…
Cations
Negatively charged particles in solution are called…
Anions
What is the role of sodium (Na+) in the body?
Its a major extracellular cation, it attracts fluid and helps preserve fluid volume and combines with chloride and bicarbonate to help regulate acid/base balance
What is the normal range of serum sodium
135 - 145 mEq /L
What does hyponatremia mean?
Low sodium levels
What does hypernatremia mean?
High sodium levels
What is hypovolemia?
The condition of the body when there is significant loss of fluid
What is hypervolemia?
When the body retains too much water and there is not enough Na+
What solvent is found in the body fluid compartments?
Water
What is a chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions?
A buffer
Describe the major function of ATP in cells
It transfers energy for cell functions
What is the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?
Between 7.28 and 7.32
A solute that readily dissolves in water is…
Hydrophilic
What is the pH of semen?
Between 7.2 and 8
Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?
Arterioles
What is the largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
What is the pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid called?
Filtration
What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?
Lower blood pressure, lower blood volume, inhibit release of other hormones that increase blood pressure
What hormones increase blood pressure?
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Aldosterone
- Angiotensin II
What is NFP?
Net filtration pressure - the force driving fluid out of a capillary and into tissue the spaces, equal to the difference between the [blood hydrostatic pressure + interstitial fluid osmotic pressure] and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure
What is BHP?
Blood hydrostatic pressure - is the blood pressure within the capillaries, pushing fluid out toward the tissues
What is IFOP?
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure - is a much smaller force, but it can draw fluid out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues
What is BCOP?
Blood capillary osmotic pressure - caused by proteins (mainly albumin) in the blood, this pressure pulls fluid back into the capillaries
What is IFHP?
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure - is a very small pressure that can push fluid back into capillaries from the tissues
What are ACE inhibitors?
A drug that treats hypertension, lowers blood pressure by blocking formation and release of angiotensin II, which results in vasodilation (widening of vessels) and decreased aldosterone secretion
What is aldosterone?
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it helps to regulate blood pressure by managing levels of sodium and potassium
What is hypovolemia + hypervolemia?
- Hypovolemia - abnormally low levels of extracellular fluid in the body, either due to loss of salt and water or loss of blood volume
- Hypervolemia - fluid overload
What do the following chemicals have in common: potassium, hydrogen ions, lactic acid, nitric oxide, and adenosine?
They are all potent vasodilators
What components of blood have an affect on its viscosity?
The ratio of red blood cells (RBCs) to plasma volume
Name the small bands of smooth muscle which control blood flow through capillary beds
Precapillary sphincters
