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nursing > fluids and electrolytes > Flashcards

fluids and electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal range for sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the normal range for potassium?

A

3.5-5

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3
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

To regulate fluid volume and maintain blood volume

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4
Q

What are the sources of sodium?

A

salt, canned food

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5
Q

Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed and excreted?

A

kidneys

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6
Q

What are the electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Phosphorus, Bicarbonate

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7
Q

What is the normal range of Potassium?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L (3-5 bananas in a bunch, usually half ripe)

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8
Q

What is the medical term for Potassium that is low or high?

A

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

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9
Q

What does Potassium do for the body?

A

Regulates conduction of the cardiac rhythm, transmits electrical impulses in multiple systems, assists with acid base balance

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10
Q

Where are the common sites of potassium loss?

A

GI tract and excreted by kidneys

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11
Q

What are the sources of potassium?

A
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12
Q

What are low and high sodium called?

A

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

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13
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular fluid

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14
Q

What is ICF?

A

Intracellular fluid

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15
Q

What is the normal level of calcium?

A

8.5-10.5 mEq/L

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16
Q

What is the inverse of calcium?

A

Phosphorus

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17
Q

How does calcium work in the body?

A

Essential to bone health, promotes the transmission of nerve impulses, regulates muscle contractions

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18
Q

What regulates calcium?

A

Parathyroid and thyroid (PTH and Calcitonin)

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19
Q

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?

A

Calcium– 99% is found in the bones

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20
Q

What are the sources of calcium?

A
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21
Q

What is the normal level of magnesium?

A

1.6-2.6 mEq/L

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22
Q

How does Magnesium work in the body?

A

It is involved in the synthesis of DNA, maintenance of potassium in the ICF, electrical activity of the nerves and cardiac muscle

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23
Q

Magnesium levels are affected by:

A

malnutrition and alcohol

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24
Q

what is the most abundant anion in the ECF?

A

Chloride

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25
Q

What are the normal levels of Chloride?

A

95-105 mEq/L

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26
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

top of kidneys

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27
Q

What does the hormone Aldosterone do?

A

tells the kidneys to hold onto sodium, which in turn causes retention of water and excretion of potassium

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28
Q

Aldosterone antagonist (potassium sparing diuretic)

A

spirolactone and Aldactone

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29
Q

What thyroid hormones regulate calcium in the body?

A

Parathyroid (PTH) and Calcitonin

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30
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

If there is too much calcium in the blood, this thyroid hormone tells the calcium to go into the bones.

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31
Q

What does PTH do?

A

If there is not enough calcium in the blood, PTH borrows calcium from bone.

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32
Q

What is the normal range of Magnesium?

A

1.6-2.6 mEq/L

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33
Q

Normal range for Chloride?

A

95-105 mEq/L

34
Q

Normal range for phosphorus?

A

2.5-4.5 mEq/L

35
Q

What is the inverse of calcium?

A

Phosphorus

36
Q

How is Phosphorus the inverse of calcium?

A

When calcium is high, phosphorus is low and vice versa.

37
Q

What is the normal range for Bicarbonate?

A

22-26 mEq/L

38
Q

How does bicarbonate help maintain the body’s pH?

A

Acid neutralizing

39
Q

What is the normal serum pH of the body?

A

7.35-7.45

40
Q

What are the dangerous/fatal serum pH?

A

below 6.9 and above 7.8

41
Q

hypernatremia

A

high sodium

42
Q

hyponatremia

A

low sodium

43
Q

Hypervolemic

A

fluid excess

44
Q

hypovolemic

A

low fluid

45
Q

hypokalemia

A

low potassium

46
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high potassium

47
Q

How is IV potassium given?

A

NEVER push (CAN CAUSE HEART TO STOP), must be diluted and put on an IV pump

48
Q

What does low potassium cause?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias, flat or low t-wave on EKG

49
Q

If you are suffering from hyperaldosteronism, what does that mean for your potassium and sodium?

A

Aldosterone causes the body to hold onto sodium, so if you are not producing enough, your body is holding onto potassium instead

50
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?

A

muscle twitching, elevated t-wave on EKG, dysrythmias

51
Q

How does insulin and glucose treat hyperkalemia?

A

Causes potassium to go back into cells and glucose is to prevent hypoglacemia

52
Q

What type of insulin can be given IV?

A

Regular ONLY

53
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low calcium

54
Q

What type of parathyroidism can cause hypocalcemia and why?

A

Hypoparathyroidism; PTH won’t borrow the calcium that the body needs from the bones

55
Q

What is the Trousseau and Chvostek signs?

A

T-using BP cuff on arm will cause hand to draw up, C-deep reflexes in cheek will cause twitch

56
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High calcium

57
Q

How does hypercalcemia cause kidney stones?

A

Build up of calcium can form the stones

58
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

low magnesium

59
Q

What causes hypomagnesemia?

A

Alcoholism and malnutrition

60
Q

What precautions need to be taken when administering magnesium IV?

A

Watch for seizures

61
Q

What is a simple treatment for Hyper of any electrolytes?

A

Diuretics and diets

62
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

Low phosphate

63
Q

What electrolyte needs to be monitored when treating high or low phosphate?

A

Calcium

64
Q

What is a CLABSI?

A

Infection of a central line

65
Q

What level of cleanliness is required for putting in a central line?

A

Sterile technique

66
Q

What are the two buffers for pH?

A

Carbonic Acid or CO2 and sodium bicarbonate

67
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When the pH is leaning towards acidic so the lungs work to remove CO2. Resp rate increases and depth decreases

68
Q

What organ makes bicarb?

A

Kidneys

69
Q

Is bicarb acidic or basic?

A

Basic

70
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

pH is leaning alkaloidal, so the lungs work to retain CO2 by increasing depth and decreasing rate

71
Q

If your ph is acidic, how would that affect your potassium?

A

Pushes potassium out of the cells causing hyperkalemia

72
Q

Normal levels for CO2 on an ABG

A

35-45 mm Hg

73
Q

Normal levels for Bicarbonate

A

22-26 mm HG

74
Q

Normal levels for oxygen on an ABG

A

80-100 mm Hg

75
Q

When reading an ABG, what do you review first?

A

the pH to figure out if you are acidic, alkalotic, or normal

76
Q

When reading an ABG, what would a high CO2 level tell you?

A

The pt lungs are not working like they need to be-high would be acidic, low is alkalotic, or normal

77
Q

When reading an ABG, what does the Bicarbonate levels tell you?

A

High is alkalotic, low is acidic, or normal

78
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

pH lower than 7.35, CO2 above 45

79
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

pH above 7.45, low CO2

80
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

pH lower than 7.35 and low levels of bicarbonate

81
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

pH higher than 7.45 and bicarbonate is high—commonly caused by excessive acid loss via vomiting or gastric suction

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